KLBERFELD. 



ELEUSI8. 



and upwards of 70 minor streams. Sine* the yew 1801 iU depth has 

 decreased nearly 9 inche* at Dresden and about l.S inche* t Magde- 

 burg. In Bohemia, where lew attention has been paid to the clearing 

 of woodland* and drainage of swamps and marabea than in the other 

 parU of Germany through which it flown, the diminution baa been far 

 lets. The ba*in u estimsted to occupy aboat 68,800 mile*, and liea 

 between 50* 2' and 53* 5V N. lat, 8 41' and 10' 12' E. long. 



The river is well stocked with ralmon, eel*, sturgeons, and other 

 fih. Light steamers ascend the river as far at Helnik in Bohemia. 

 The benefit* derivable from the navigation of the Elbe have been 

 always much curtailed by the number of duties levied by the different 

 state* through which it flows. So many and so high are the tolls 

 imposed upon the navigation of this river and the Weaer that trading 

 along these routes has greatly diminished within the last twenty-five 

 yearn. Doling this period the total receipt* from tolls on these rivers 

 were 260,000 riz-dollan, and the expenses 295,000 fix-dollars. 



ELBERKELD, a huge manufacturing town in tho Dusseldorf 

 government of Rheniith Prussia, stands in 51 16' X. lat, 7 8' 

 E. long., 8 miles E. from Diisseldorf, and had 35,000 inhabitants 

 in 1840. A railroad from Dusseldorf through Elberfeld joins the 

 Cologne-Minden line at Dortmund. It is a long straggling town run- 

 ning along both sides of the Wupper, which here flows through a 

 narrow valley screened by steep but not very high hills. Some parts 

 of it are well built and paved, but most of the town is composed of 

 irregular, narrow, and dirty streets. Here and there are seen spacious 

 houses fronted with cut-stone and in the best architectural styles. 

 The river is a most disgusting object, being the receptacle of all the 

 sewers and offscourings of the numerous dyeing establishments of the 

 town. The waters of the Wupper however are said to possess moat 

 valuable bleaching properties, and to this circumstance Elberfeld in 

 indebted for it* origin and prosperity. The town is the seat of an 

 extensive cotton and silk manufacture, but is more important still for 

 it* dyeing, printing, spinning, and bleaching establishments. The 

 cotton-printers and silk-dyers consume a large quantity of piece-goods 

 that are woven by baud in the surrounding districts ; their patterns, 

 which are very superior, are designed on the premises of the large 

 printers, who employ French artists at high salaries. About 40 firms 

 are engaged in the silk manufactures. Merinos and fancy woollen 

 goods are also manufactured here. The town has 69 dyeing establish- 

 ment*, 1 bleoching-grounda, 6 cotton-spinning factories, 1 large woollen 

 mill, with machine-makers and colour-works; it has also block-pattern 

 cutting, printing, engraving, and lithographic printing establishments. 

 Tapes and ribands are an important article of manufacture, with 

 which this town and Barmen (which touches Elberfeld on the east) 

 supply all Germany. [BAKSJKX.] The colour called Turkey-red is 

 produced in Elberfeld more cheaply and of better hue than in any 

 other place in Europe. Of the public buildings the Roman Cltlkdu 

 church, which is in the Byzantine style, and the guildhall, in the great 

 room of which is a beautiful frieze paiuted by the artists of the 

 DilsKldorf school of painting, are the most remarkable. The town 

 has a gymnasium, a museum, several banks, 2 orphan asylums, 3 

 hospitals, and a great number of educational establishments. Among 

 these last is one for young manufacturers and the managers of fac- 

 tories, in which the mechanical processes in the construction of the 

 jaoqnard-looni cards, and the calculations accompanying them in 

 weaving, are taught, as welt as pattern-drawing. This establishment, 

 one of great efficiency and importance, is supported by the town, which 

 also maintains its own poor by means of a rate. Elberfeld is well 

 lighted with gas. (Banfield, Man*factra of the Rhine ; Hamlbool: 

 fur A'orf* Germany.) 



ELBEUF, or ELBCEUF, a large manufacturing town in the depart- 

 ment of Seine-Infe'rieure in France, stands in a beautiful valley on the 

 left bank of tin- Seine, at a distance of 78 miles N.W. from Paris, and 

 S.S.W. from Rouen. The population amounts to above 

 10,000, exclusive of about 1 0,000 workpeople, who remain in the town 

 only on the days they are employed at the factories, their fixed resi- 

 dence being in the villages of the neighbouring communes. The town 

 is in general ill-built, ill-laid out, and badly paved ; but within the 

 last twenty years many improvement* have been made. A great 

 number of large factories and handsome edifices have been erected, 

 the quays extended, the old streets widened, and a spacious champ dt 

 /Wf, or market-place, with side-avenues planted with chestnut-trees, 

 has been constructed. The streets are lighted with gas, and the town 

 U well supplied with water from eight Artesian wells, one of which 

 feed, six public fountains. The most remarkable public buildings 

 in Klbeuf are the churches of St-Etienne and St-Jean-Baptiste, the 

 interior! of which are richly decorated and lighted through fine 

 painted windows. 



Elbeuf has a tribunal and chamber of commerce, a consultative 

 chamber of manufactures, and a council of Pntd'-Hommes for the 

 settlement of differences between manufacturer* and their workmen 

 The factories of the town and neighbourhood, which exceed 200 in 

 number and an mostly worked by steam-power, produce a great 

 onantity of woollen cloths ; the description* are various, and include 

 double-milled and waterproof cloths. zephyrs, and fancy cloths of all 

 colour*. From 00,000 to 70,000 piece* of 00 yard* each, at from 1 1> 

 to 2o franc* a yard, are produced annually. The cloth is purchased 

 of the manufacturers by large oomnuswon'-hoiim-n, of which there are 



about 70 in the town, and by them it ia sent to various part* f 

 France. Thi* town is also celebrated for the manufacture of Milliard- 

 table cloth and flannel It contains several dye-houses, fulling-mill*. 

 and Urge wool-store*, beside* wool-washing establishments which lie 

 along the Seine and the Puchot, a small winding stream that traverse* 

 the town. Steam-boat* ply between Elbeuf and I:..H.-M ; the Tourville 

 station on the Paris Rouen railway is only four miles distant fn.m 

 Klbeuf. 



i l>,.-tinnnaire de la Prantt ; Commercial Statit'ict.) 



I'.I.IUNQ, a fortified sea-port town, and a place of < 

 commercial importance, in the Priisnian government of Danzig, is 

 situated on the Elbing River, which in united to the Nogat arm of 

 the Vistula by the Kraffuhl Canal about 4 miles N. from the town. 

 The town is about 5 mile* from the mouth of ' 



Haff. It stands at a distance of 350 mile* by railway X.K. from 

 Berlin, 31 miles 8.E. by railway from Danzip, in 54" 10' N'. lat., 

 19 25' E. long., in a very fertile valley, and is surrounded by hi^li 

 walls, towers, and ditches. It is divided into the old and new town, 

 3 inner and 11 outer suburbs, and has 5 land and 2 water gated, 

 5 Lutheran churches, a Reformed Lutheran and a Roman ('. 

 church, a synagogue, 5 hospitals, a convent, an orphan asylum, work- 

 house, house of correction, house of industry, a savings bank, and a 

 gymnasium, with a large library. 



Elbing was founded by the Teutonic knights about the year 

 It was a member of the Hauseatic League, and now ranks in t Ill- 

 second class of towns in the Prussian monarchy. The popula- 

 about 20,000, one-fifth of whom are Roman Catholics. The inha- 

 bitants manufacture woollen cloth, tobacco, sail-cloth, soap, starch, 

 pearl-ash, caviar, stockings, oil, and linen ; there are also tan-yards, 

 ship-building yards, chicory-mills, sugar-refineries, &c. The town has 

 a brisk trade with Polancf, from which corn, potash, woad, linen, 

 wood, tallow, and wax ore obtained ; and iron, wine, manufa 

 and colonial goods, tic., arc sent in exchange. By the Kraffuhl Canal 

 small vessels can come up to the wharfs, but the larger ones are 

 obliged to unload at Pillau, which ie the harbour of Elbiug. About 

 500 vessels belong to Elbing, but they are almost all of small burden. 

 There is a considerable sturgeon fishery at Elbing. 



KLBCEUF. [ELBEUF.j 



ELBOGKN, or ELLENBOGEN. [Edit.] 



ELBOURS, ELBURZ, or ELBRUZ. [CAUCASUS.] 



ELCHE. [VALEKCIA.] 



ELEPHAN'TA, a small island about 7 miles in circumference, 

 situated between the island of Bombay and the Mahratta shore, from 

 which it is distant 5 miles, and 7 miles from the castle of Bombay, in 

 19 2' N. lat, 72" 67' E. long. It* name among the nati 

 Gorapori ; that by which it in known to Europeans was <1 

 from the figure of an elephant twice the size of life cut out of the 

 Eolid black rock on the acclivity of a hill al> ) It from the 



landing-place. This figure is now completely dilapidated. At a short 

 distance from the elephant stands the figure of a horse, also cut out 

 of the rock. On thin island in n remarkable temple-cave. The 

 entrance to this cave, or temple, occurs about half way up the steep 

 ascent of the mountain or rock out of which it ia excavated. Its 

 length, measuring from the entrance, which is on the north side, is 

 130 feet, and its breadth 123 feet ; the floor not being level the height 

 varies from 15 to 17 J feet The roof was supported by 26 pillars and 

 8 pilasters, disposed in four rows ; but several of the pillars are 

 broken. Each column stands upon a square pedestal and is lint" I, 

 but instead of being cylindrical is gradually enlarged towards the 

 middle. Above the tops of the columns a kind of ridge has been cut 

 to resemble abeam about 12 inches square, and this is richly carv-<l. 

 Along the sides of tho temple are carved between 40 and 50 colossal 

 figures varying in height from 12 to 15 feet; none of them are 

 entirely detached from tho wall. On the smith Mile, facing the main 

 entrance, is an enormous bust with three faces, which is mppo 

 represent the triple deity, Brahma, Vinhnu, ami Siva. The i 

 face is 5 feet in length. At the west side of the temple is a recess, 

 20 feet square, having in tho centre an altar. The entrance to this 

 recess is guarded by eight nuked figures, each 13J feet high, sculpture. 1 

 in a superior manner. The origin of this cave is quite unknown : it 

 is frequently visited by devotees for the purpose of offering p: 

 :IM.| "Motions. (Captain Hamilton, Account of India, 1744 ; II 

 /n'liiiH Anii'/iii'iet ; Nicbtihr, Voyayt en Aral/it; Arclueoloyia, 

 vol. vii. . :-ttar<:het, vol. L) 



KI.Kl'SIS, a celebrated town of Attica, stood on rising ground 

 near the northern nhoro of the Gulf of Salamis, and opposite to tho 

 Isle of Salamis, in 38 4 X. lat, '.!:'.' :10' E. long., not far from the 

 eastern boundary of Megaris. Kleusis gave its name to one of the 

 twelve ancient divisions <>f Attica. It owed its celebrity in the 

 historical age to it being the principal seat of the mystical worship 

 of 1 Vmcter, who in search for her daughter Persephone (Proserpm' i. 

 was said to have rested by the well Callichorus at Eleusis, am! t<> 

 have taught Triptolemus the use of corn on the Rharian 

 (ATTK'A.) In very nnr.ic.nt times Elcuxis in said to have been an 

 iinle|>< mil nt state of son -ice, and to have carried on a war 



with Athens, which resulted in its becoming subject to that city 

 in everything except the celebration of the mysteries, of which the 

 Eleusinians were to continue to have the management (Thucyd. ii 



