07 



KNAKYA. 





WU into it at Meppen, afUracourM of about . ',. An, whu-h 



rise* in the northern part oi the Tcutoburger Walt), mil fall, into the 

 Em* a few mile* above Lingen ; and the Led*, which enten Hanover 

 from the duchy of Oldenburg and joins the Em* near Leer, aft.-r a 

 course of about M mile*. On the left bank the Em* receive* only the 

 little river Abe, which passes Miinster. The basin of tlio Km* l>n* an 

 area of only about (000 square miles, the smallest area of any of the 

 rivt n which fall into the North Sea. 



Jhllarl Bay, which was formed by Uie terrible inundation of 1277 

 [KuiiEif], is about 10 miles long from north to south, and about 6 

 iiiiK-* across at its greatest width. At iU north-western extremity the 

 Ems leave* it by a channel about two miles wide at its narrowest part. 

 It has been ilowly filling up for centuries past, and about two square 

 miles of land are recovered from it every forty years by pushing out 

 embankments to protect the newly-formed alluvial soil. 



\ R Y A, a country in Africa, went of Abyssinia, which was visited 

 by the Portuguese Antonio Fernandez in the 17th century. Modern 

 travellers have collected information respecting it ; according to which, 

 this country is situated 15 days' journey from Basso, on the Nile, or 

 twenty day*' from Oondar, between 6 and 6' N. lat, 33 and 37 

 E. long. It is described as more elevated than all the countries which 

 surround it In the centre of the country is a group of very high 

 mountains called Kheresa; on its northern declivity originate the 

 Kibbe and the Maleg riven, which fall into the Abai. The rivers 

 which originate on the southern declivity of the Kheresa Mountains 

 fall into the Goehop. A great portion of the country is covered with 

 forests, in which several kinds of trees are found which bear edible 

 fruits, and one of them is used for dyeing black. The coffee-tree is 

 indigenous, and met with in such abundance that the wood is used as 

 fuel ; it attains a height of 12 to 14 feet Elephants, giraffes, and 

 buffaloes are stated to abound, as well as some other kinds of wild 

 beasts. Civet cats are so numerous that civet muak forms an important 

 article of exportation. Gold is also exported ; but it is not known if it 

 is collected in the country, or brought to it from some distant part of 

 Africa. The capital of Enarya is !?a]d-a, which appears to be a consider- 

 able place not far from the banks of the river Kibbe, and is visited by 

 caravans which come from Basso nnd from Qondar in Abyssinia, These 

 Abyssinian merchants bring to Sakkn rock-salt, which under the name 

 of 'amok 1 ' constitutes the currency of the country, licads of different 

 kinds, several kinds of cotton-goods, copper, daggers, knives, guns, and 

 kitchen utensil*. They export from Eiiarya coflee, musk, slaves, gold, 

 and the skins of lions, panthers, black leopards, and antelopes ; also 

 ivory and horses. The inhabitants of Enarya belong to the widely- 

 spread nation of the Gallos. A small portion of the population and 

 the royal family are Mohammedans ; but the larger number of the 

 inhabitants are still heathens. It is said that among them a small 

 number of Abyssinian Christians is found. (Isenberg and Krapf, 

 Trarelt in Abyuinia ; London Geographical Journal, vol. X.) 



ENDEAVOUR STRAIT. [TORRES STRAIT.] 



BITFIELD. [MODLESKX.] 



KMJADIN, the valley of the Upper Inn, in the canton of the 

 Orisons, in Eastern Switzerland, nms from south-west to north-east, 

 from the sources of the Inn at the foot of Mount Malaya to the defile 

 of Finstermunz, where the Inn enters the Tyrol, a length of a' out 

 50 miles. It is the largest valley in Switzerland next to the Valais, 

 and one of the finest ; it lies between the Lepontian aud the Rhietian 

 Alps, both of which branch off from Mount Malaya. The northern 

 or I.epontUn ridge, which contains the summits known by the names 

 of Julier (6800 feet), Albula (7200 feet), Scsletto (8000 feet), Ac,, 

 divides the waters of the Inn from those of the Albula, the Lanquart, 

 and the Iller, which flow into the Rhine. The southern range, in 

 which there are several glaciers, consists of the Monte dell' Oro (8000 

 feet), the Bernina (6200 feet), the Casanna, the Fraele, to., and divides 

 the valley of the Inn from the Valtellino, and from the valley of the 

 Upper Adige in the Tyrol. More than twenty transverse valleys open 

 into the longitudinal valley of Engadin. The width of the plain 

 which forms the bottom of the valley of Engadin is from one to two 

 miles in it* widest parts, but it is much narrower in many places. 



The slope* of the mountains are covered with pine forests or 



pastures. The Upper Engadin being more elevated than the lower 



part of the valley lias a keener air ar i sharper winters ; snow hardly 



uappears in June ; winter commcnc ? in September, and in the short 



summer frosts at night are frequ< i. Hero potatoes sometimes 



weed; but the barley harvest is uncertain. The Lower Engadin 

 enjoys a milder climsto : barley, rye, peas, potatoes, and hemp 

 lowest part of the valley flax is cultivated with 

 The cherry and other frail-trees are also met with. But 

 i , , f Kn 8"Hn, ""I especially of the upper part of it, 

 consists in its cattle ; its cheese equals that of Gruyeri, radis largely 

 exported. Many of the men emigrate to Italy and other foreign 

 countries, where they follow the trade of pastry-cooks and 



tome of them make money, with which they return home 

 and build Bne hou.es, which are conspicuous objects in most of the 

 village*. Bands of Tyroles* spread themselves over the valley to 

 make the hay harvests. Masons, carpenters, and smiths are mostly 

 foreigners. Leather is imported, while a quantity of raw hide* are 

 exported. Most of the pastares on the high Alps are let to herdsmen from 

 Bergamo, who migrate thither with their cattle in the summer months. 



The village* of Eugadin are chiefly along the road which f 

 the course of the Inn fur the whole length of tl;. 

 leads into Tyrol by St Uartiuabruck, and joins the high : 

 from Italy hy the !i to Innspruck. New roads hav 



recently completed from the Val Camonica to Tirauo in the Adda, and 

 over the Beruina to Sondrio in the Valtellina. Several paths lead from 

 Knptdin into the other valleys of the Orisons. 



Upper Eugadin is divided into 11 communes ; Lower Engadin into 

 10. The whole population is estimated at about 8000, of which 

 Lower Engadin contains 5000. Upper Engadin returns three mem- 

 ber* and Lower Engadin four to the Great Council, or legislature of 

 the canton. Every commune elects its municipal magistrate*, and 

 each of the two divisions of the valley has its landamman and its 

 court of justice, the members of which are renewed every two years. 



The people of Engadiu are Reformed Calvinists, with the exception 

 of the commune of Tarasp, which is Catholic, and which belonged to 

 Austria till 1*01. They speak the Ladin or Komantoch, a dialect which 

 has much resemblance to Italian. There ore books printed in Ladin. 



M,vlt, or Sekuli, in Lower Engadiu, is the largest village hi the 

 whole valley; it contains 1150 inhabitants, and has a handsome 

 parish church. Zernetz, pronounced and sometimes written Ccmft:, 

 also in Lower Engadin, has about 500 inhabitant*. Samaden, which 

 is the principal village of the Upper Engadin, has about 500 inha- 

 bitants, some fine houses, and three churches. [ORISONS.] 



ENGHIEN. [HAI.VAULT.] 



i'N'ULAND. The general description of this part of the island 

 will be found under the head of GIIKAT BRITAIN ; aud that of Roman 

 Britain under the head of BRITANNIA. We here give a short account 

 of its state befur, tin- Norman Conquest 



England, originally Engla-land, Engle-land, and Engle-lond, means 

 the land of the Angles, Aengles, or Engles. It is usual to speak of 

 the people who occupied the south of Britaiu before the Norman 

 Conquest by the names of the Saxons or the Anglo-Saxons ; but each 

 of these appellations is apt to lead to some misapprehension. By the 

 Anglo-Saxon people and language seem commonly to be understood 

 the nation and language of the English Saxons, as distinguished from 

 the Saxons of Germany. In this sense however we believe the word 

 is altogether a modern formation. Our ancestors before the Norman 

 Conquest did not call themselves Anglo-Saxons, as meaning the English 

 Saxons or the Saxons of England. Asser indeed designates Alfred as 

 Angul-Saxonum Rex ; but the meaning intended to be conveyed by 

 this awkward compound term appears to have been, not the English 

 Saxons, but the Angles or English and the Saxons. When the Saxon 

 part of the population alone was spoken of, they were never called 

 the Anglo-Saxons or English Saxons, but simply the Saxons, or, as 

 the case might be, the West or East or South Saxons. It is true that 

 foreigners and others did not always use the term with proper dis- 

 crimination. The Wt-lsh and the Scots of North Britain appear to 

 have employed the designation in its more general sense. The 

 Sassenngh is still the name given to the English by the Scottish 

 Highlanders, by the Irish, and by the Welsh; and anciently the 

 southern part of the present Scotland, which was chiefly occupied by 

 a population of English descent, was known in the more northern 

 parts by the name of Saxonia or Saxony. The prevalence again of 

 the term Saxon in modern times, as applied to the entire population 

 of England before the Norman Conquest, and to the language then 

 spoken in the country, is to be attributed principally to the appro- 

 priation of the term English to the inhabitants and the language of 

 the country since the Conquest, and also perhaps in part to the 

 circumstance of the state which eventually obtained the general 

 sovereignty in the times previous to the Conquest having been a 

 Saxon state. But the name by which the entire population was com- 

 monly described in those times by natives of the country was certainly 

 not the Saxons, but the Angles or the English ; and that from the 

 earliest date to which our evidence on the subject extends. \\V find 

 the Kentish king Ethclbert subscribing himself to a charter " Kg.i 

 Ethelbertus, Rox Anglorum," in virtue apparently of his dignity as 

 Bretwalila, or supreme monarch, which he held from about the year 

 589 till his death in 616. The kings of Wessex, after they acquired 

 the sovereignty of the whole country, although their own state was 

 Saxon, called themselves, not kings of the Saxons, but kings of the 

 an>l of England. From circumstances like these we may rea- 

 sonably conclude that the country was called England, and the people 

 and their language English, from the time of the introduction of 

 Christianity. 



To the circumstances of that introduction we would trace this use 

 of the names. The captives from Britain exposed for sale in the 

 market-place of Rome, who grot drew upon their country tin- at t 

 of Gregory, afterwards pope, were Angles, as the well-known pun, 

 " They would be not Angles, but angels, if they were but Christians," 

 which the name of their nation and their fair appearance suggested 

 to Gregory, may remind us. It was the Angles therefore that Gregory 

 formed the desire of converting ; and it was to the inhabitants of 

 Britain considered as Angles that Augustine and his companions were 

 some years afterwards sent as missionaries. These circumstances were 

 cno'tgh to fix the name as the proper Christian appellation of the 

 nation. The constant use of this appellation by the venerable Bede 

 in his groat work, ' Historia Ecclesiastics Gcntis Anglorum," may bo 



