IS 



no, 



than 22'. The weather i* very variable, and on the lofty summit of 

 the Schnebrg it change*, according to Blumenbacb, alraor! 

 hour. About Annaberg, in the south of tho Lower Wienerwalil, the 

 country U to desolate that it goes by the name of the Siberia of 

 Austria, 



The toil of tho Lower Ens differs much in productiveness. The 

 richest tracts are in the centre of the province, from the confluence 

 of the Em eastward a* far ai the PuInafeM on the right bank of the 

 Danube ; and on the left bank, from Kreou they extend until they 

 spread over the south-eastern parts of the Upper Uannbartsberg to 

 the efflux of the March into the Danube. The lands about the Lower 

 March indeed, which an called the Karchfield, an a delta, which 

 under efficient cultivation might become the granary of the Austrian 

 metropolis. Then U an extensive level also in the vicinity of Vienna 

 which in part* U extremely fertile. On the whole, the Lower Ens 

 doea not rank among the more productive provinces of the empire. 

 It u a manufacturing rather than an agricultural province. 



The productive laud in the Lower Ens was thus occupied in 1846 : 

 Arable, 1,094,173 (English) acres; vineyards, 114,178 acres; 

 meadows and gardens, 637,831 acres; pasture, 358,044 acres; wood- 

 land, 1,598,690 acres. The grain grown in the same year was, in 

 English quarters, as follows : Wheat, 261,619; rye, 1,144,228; 

 barley, 231,944 ; oats, 1,157,756; maize, 6982: also 2,964,323 bushels 

 of potatoes. Vegetables of most kinds are very largely cultivated. 

 A good deal of fruit is also grown. Some hemp and flax are raised. 

 The forest-trees an chiefly beech, oak, maple, linden, elm, alder, pine, 

 and fir. 



The rearing of horned cattle has not yet recovered from the blow 

 which it received during the repeated invasions of the French armies. 

 The total quantity in the Lower Ens in 1846 was 109,091 oxen and 

 steers, and 251,634 cows. A portion of the stock is of a very superior 

 native breed. Although the establishments for breeding horses 

 belonging to the crown and several noblemen have done something 

 towards improving the race, this branch of economy is not pursued 

 with much activity ; the stock in 1846 was 70,361. Independently 

 of several extensive sheep-walks in many of the upland districts, every 

 peasant feeds his little flock of from 10 to 30 sheep. Upwards of 

 one half of the whole stock, which was 500,705 in 1846, an of breeds 

 improved by crossing with meriuoes and other foreign races. The 

 largest flocks are those on the imperial estates. Much of the wool 

 obtained is exported. Goats and swine are not bred in groat numbers. 

 Poultry is fed on a Urge scale for the Vienna market. Some honey 

 and wax are made. The stock of game is much diminished. 



The Lower Ens ranks next to Bohemia in a manufacturing point 

 of view ; and the principal scats of industry ore the districts south 

 of the Danube, the northern being chiefly agricultural. Flax and 

 hemp yarns are spun wherever the materials are grown, and several 

 thousand hands are employed chiefly in the manufacture of house- 

 linens. Cotton is also spun somewhat largely, 8817 persons being 

 employed in cotton-spinning in 1S4S, of whom 1425 were under 14 

 years of age. Cottons of the finer sorts are manufactured rather 

 extensively at Vienna. Large calico-printing works are carried on at 

 Neunkirchen, Friedau, St. Pollen, Kcttrnliof, 4c. Cotton-embroidery, 

 stockings, to., are mode at Vienna and elsewhere. There are some 

 large woollen-factories in Vienna, at Rittersdorf, &c. The silk manu- 

 facture has risen to great perfection in the capital, and it is a very 

 important branch of the manufacturing industry in other parts of the 

 province. Iron and steel in bars and sheets of remarkably fine 

 quality are produced in very large quantities. Iron and steel wire is 

 also largely made. Laces, iron-ware, and cutlery ; tools, copper-ware, 

 brass-work, buttons, jewellery, and trinkets ; articles of wood, leather, 

 glass, mirrors, porcelain, earthen-ware, paper, musical instruments, 

 soap, to., form so many additional branches of industry. Besides 

 the great printing establishment of the government at Vienna, there 

 are other printing works on an important scale. A good deal of very 

 excellent wine is made. 



The Lower Ens has a considerable trade with the neighbouring 

 countries and foreign parts by means of its communications by land 

 with the Adriatic, Germany, Poland, Ac., and by the Danube with 

 Hungary, Turkey, and the East. 



Dtritioiu, TWiw, Ac. The Lower Ens is divided into four circles 

 the Upper and the Lower Wiencrwald, south of tho Danube, tho 

 former having St. Polten and the latter Troiskirchen for its capital; 

 and the Upper and Lower Mannhartsberg, north of the Danube, the 

 former having Krems and the latter Korneuburg for its capital. The 

 capitaoaU of Vienna forms a fifth division. The following are the 

 more important town* : 



JfomMmra, the capital of Lower Mannhartsberg, on the left bank 

 of the Danube, 9 mils* N. by W. from Vienna, is a place of little 

 tnd, with a population of about 2500. 



., the capital of Upper MannharUberg, population 6637, is 

 situated at the confluence of the Krems with the Danube, 88 miles 

 ''.'. from Vienna. The town U walled, lias large infantry barracks 

 and military schools, and wears a very military appearance, 

 are Home chemical works, mustard and vinegar factories, and manu- 

 factories of metal buttons. 



fatten, the capital of the Upper Wien. rwald, is a fortified town, 

 standing on the left bank of the Trascn, 38 miles W. from Vienna: 



population about 6000. In it are a cathedral and bishop's palace, 

 several schools, an hospital, and a theatre; also some cotton factories, 

 potteries, glass-works, and paper-mills. 



TraukinMen, the capital of the Lower Wiencrwald, is a small place 

 of little more than 1000 inhabitants, situated about 15 miles S. by W. 

 from Vienna, 



liadea, on tho GloguiU railway, 20 miles S.S.W. from Vienna, 

 population about 4000, is a much-frequented bathing place, and well 

 provided with suitable establishments for visitors. In Baden is an 

 imperial castle, and in its vicinity is the castle of Weilburg. Bruck, 

 on the left bank of the Leitha, 23 miles S.E. from Vienna, has a popu- 

 lation of about 3000, manufactures of machinery and win, and a 

 botanic garden. Peldibnrg, 49 miles K.M.E. from Vienna, population 

 8500, is famous for its wine, and for the splendid palace of Prince L . 

 stein, llaiuliuiy, on the right bank of the Danube, 30 mile* i 

 from Vienna, population 4000, is a place of considerable trade : hen 

 is the largest tobacco manufactory in Austria. Kloitcrncvlmrg, on the 

 right bank of the Danube, 8 miles N.W. from Vienna, population 

 about 4000, has manufactures of leather and fancy cotton goods. At 

 Klosterneuburg is one of the oldest and richest Augustine monasteries 

 in Austria : it has a library of 30,000 volumes. MSdlin-j, on the 

 Qlognitz railway, 8 miles 8. by W. from Vienna, population ::. 

 an old looking town, but has some manufactories of woollens and 

 muslins. Nmntadt, or Wiener-Nevutadt, on the Glognitz railway, 85 

 miles 8. from Vienna, population 9323, is a garrison town, and was 

 formerly the residence of the emperors. It contains the imperial castle, 

 an ancient cathedral, a Cistercian abbey with a very extensive library, 

 a grammar school, a military academy, and a museum ; and carries 

 on considerable manufactures of sugar, beer, and paper. Stockcra*, 

 15 miles N.W. from Vienna, population 3o5U, is connected with 

 Vienna by the Stockerau railway, and has a considerable i 

 facture; soldiers' clothing is also largely made. H'aiilli- 

 W.S.W. from Vienna, population about 3000, is the centre of the iron 

 manufacture. 



The inhabitants of this province, as well as those of the other 

 division of the archduchy of Austria, an of German descent. After 

 the Avari were driven out, it was re-peopled by Bavarians, Swabious, 

 Saxons, and Fronconians, principally indeed by the lir.it mentioned ; a 

 circumstance which accounts for the similarity in language and 

 manners between the native Austrian and his Bavarian neighbour. In 

 the eastern and north-eastern districts there are many. Slavonians, 

 hen denominated Croats. 



The majority of the population are Roman Catholics. According 

 to the census of 1846 there were 1,474,904 Roman Catholics, 673 

 Greek Catholics, and 390 Greeks not in the Union; 14,136 Protestants, 

 and 4296 Jews. 



The public provision for education consisted of 1 university, 13 

 schools of arts, 1 school of philosophy, 8 gymnasia, 6 thei>! 

 academies, 30 special and 29 general schools, in all 88 upper schools. 

 The popular schools numbered 2173, being 18 head schools, 1098 lower 

 schools, 20 girls, 11 infants, and 1026 adult schools. The number of 

 children capable of attending school was 168,486, actually in attendance 

 '. The adult schools were attended by 59,288 persons, 37,449 

 moles and 21,839 females. 



The public libraries and scientific institutions, especially in VIENNA, 

 are numerous and of much importance. Tho benevolent institutions 

 ore also numerous and well supported. ' 



The province of the Upper Ea>, or I'pper Atatria, forms tho 

 western part of the archduchy, and is situated on both banks of the 

 Danube, but chiefly on the south, between 46 57' and 48 46' N. lat. 

 The duchy of SALXBDRG, which was incorporated with it in the year 

 1816 now forms a separate division. Upper Ens in bounded N.' by 

 Bohemia, E. by tho Lower Ens, S. l>y Styria, Carinthia, and the Tyro), 

 :.]!! \V. by Bavaria. Its area is 4625 English square miles : the popu- 

 lation in 1850 was 706,316. 



Surface, <tc. Tho Upper Ens is a mountainous country. The 

 parts south of the Danube contain some of the most elevated Alpine 

 regions in the Austrian dominions, and those north of it an inter- 

 sected by lower ranges which are oSaeta of the great Bohemian forest 

 range. Tho Khtutian Alps occupy a small portion of tho south-west, and 

 terminate at tho Dreiherreuspitz, from which point the Noric \\\ 

 occupy the whole of the southern circles of Hausruck, and Traun ; 

 but the loftiest peaks belong to Salzburg. There are many wide and 

 numerous small valleys among the mountain masses that overspread 

 the land south of tho Danube, The only level country in the pr. 



immediate borders of the Danube. In the lluld circle, which 

 a north of tho river, the most elevated point is the Plm k< : 

 close to the common boundary of liavar. . and the Upper 



Ens : its height does not exceed 2177 English feet. 



The Upper Ens is not rich in native products. Gold and silver are 

 however found on the Gostvin range at Kauris and Schellgadcn. 

 r abounds in several places ; and a plentiful supply of iron is 

 procured from tho mountains of the Traun circle, whence 

 lead are also obtained. Salt also abounds especially in tho Tnun. 

 where is the Salzkamtnergut (Salt-domain of the Crown I, whirl! 

 contains an area of 236 square miles, and has about 80 \ 

 hamlets, and above 17,000 inhabitants : the salt mines yield upwards 

 of 40,000 tons annually. Coals are dug in several quarters, but princi- 



