917 



ENS. 



ENTRE DOURO E MINHO. 



919 



pally in the Traun circle; and there arc extensive peat-mosses. 

 Marble of good quality, alabaster, and gypsum are obtained. 



Hydrography, <L-c. Among the numerous streams of the Upper 

 Ens there are five navigable rivers : the Danube, which enters the 

 province in the north-west, below Passau, and quits it after receiving 

 the Ens at the south-eastern corner of the circle of the Miihl ; the 

 Inn, which forms the western frontier for a short distance, and 

 receives the Saal, another navigable river that divides the Upper Ens 

 in part from Bavaria ; the Ens ; and the Traun, which last stream 

 Sows out of a small lake not far from Aussee, in Upper Styria, then 

 crosses into the circle of the Traun, at its south-western end, turning 

 i'rom the west to the north, passes through the lakes Halstiitt and 

 Traun, takes a north-easterly direction along the western side of the 

 circle, throws itself over a precipice 60 feet high near Lambach, washes 

 the eastern side of the town of Wels, in the Hausruck circle, and 

 ultimately falls into the Danube, opposite Steyeregg, after a course of 

 about 70 miles. It is navigable after quitting the Traun-see, and the 

 obstruction from the fall at Lambach has been obviated by a side 

 canal 1020 feet in length. Among the minor streams are the Ayer, 

 which unites the Mond and Kammer lakes, and joins the Danube 

 near the Zizeleau and the Salzach or Salza, which however belongs 

 principally to Salzburg. 



The Upper Ens abounds in lakes, of which the following are the 

 largest : The Traun or Gmunder-see, in the west of the Traun circle, 

 39,437 English feet long, 9812 feet in its greatest breadth, and 620 feet 

 in it* greatest depth. The Halstiitter-see at the south-western extremity 

 same circle, inclosed between high mountains, 26,622 feet long, 

 7062 feet broad, and 622 feet in its greatest depth. The Alter or 

 Kammer-see, in the south of the Hausruck circle, 64,375 feet long 

 and 10,906 feet broad; and the Matt or Mond-see (Lake of the Moon, 

 i'rom its crescent-like shape), which lies west of the southern end of 

 the Atter-see, and is 35,000 feet long and 6687 feet broad. There is 

 an immense number of smaller lakes, of which, in the Traun circle 

 alone, 27 have been counted. Swamps and morasses of considerable 

 extent occur in many parts, particularly near the Mond and Traun 

 lakes. 



The only railway in the Upper Ens is the line, chiefly for goods, 

 which runs from Budweis through Linz to Gmunden, 120 miles : the 

 carriages on this line are drawn by horses. 



Climate, Soil, Productions. The climate of the Upper Ens is much 

 colder than that of the Lower Ens, thoii^h it lies in the same latitude ; 

 and much more so in the south than in the north. The warmest parts 

 are in the valley of the Danube. On the whole it is not insalubrious, 

 although not so healthy as the adjacent provinces. 



Many extensive tracts, particularly among the alpine masses of the 

 south, are extremely sterile. The valleys of the northern part of 

 the Tauern group abound in clay, limestone, slate, quartz, &c. The 

 lowlands of the northern parts of the Traun, and several districts in 

 the Hausruck, and the western tracks along the Inn, are highly 

 fertile. 



Agriculture is said to be in a more advanced state in the Upper 

 than in the Lower Ens. The productive land in the Upper Ens 

 (including Salzburg, which was not then separated from Upper Ens,) 

 was thus occupied in 1846 : Arable 1,211, 649 English acres; meadows 

 and gardens 725,394 acres ; pasture 636,300 acres ; woodlands 

 1,562,262 acres. The grain grown in the same year was, in English 

 quarters : wheat, 245,254 ; rye, 561,859 ; barley, 227,362 ; oats, 600,916 ; 

 and maize 436; of potatoes the quantity obtained was 1,692,691 

 bushels. A large quantity of fruit is grown. The vine is very little 

 cultivated ; only 38 acres were returned in 1846 as vineyards. 



The province abounds in pastures, and the rearing of horses and 

 cattle is general. The stock of horses of all kinds in the Upper Ens 

 (including Salzburg, which has a much prized breed of very large 

 horses), was only 54,450 in 1846. The horned cattle are of a large 

 breed : the stock in 1846 was 99,790 oxen and 413,214 cows. The 

 sheep are of an inferior race, and none of them yield fine wool, though 

 some pains have been taken of late years to improve them : their 

 number in 1846 was 341,400. Goats abound in the upland parts. 

 The lynx, wolf, and bear are occasionally met with ; foxes, stags, deer, 

 marmots, polecats, squirrels, martens, hares, and wildfowl are more or 

 less plentiful. Fresh-water fish are abundant : and the beaver and 

 otter are at times seen on the banks of the Danube, Miihl, and 

 Aschach. The pearl muscle is found in some of the rivulets in the 

 upper part of the Miihl circle. 



The manufactures of this province, though less extensive than those 

 of the Lower Ens, are considerable. The peasantry in general manu- 

 facture their own linens and woollens, and make what leather articles 

 they require. Much linen thread is spun as well as woollen and 

 cotton yarn, especially in the Miihl circle, where some thousand hands 

 are employed, and there are numerous factories where linens and 

 cottons are printed : cotton spinning employed 1164 persons in 1843. 

 The manufacture of cotton cloths is also extensive. There is a consi- 

 derable manufactory of woollens and carpets belonging to the crown, 

 in Linz ; and others in Wels, &c. About St. Wolfgang -in the Traun 

 cloth of goats' hair is prepared. Large quantities of steel and iron- 

 ware tools, kc., are made in the Upper Ens, particularly in Steyer and 

 the districts to the south of it ; Steyer, in fact, has been called the 

 Birmingham of Austria, but its manufactures are of coarser workman- 



ship. There are copper and brass works in several places. The 

 preparation of wood for domestic aud other purposes gives considerable 

 employment to all the parts south of the Danube. Bleaching-grounds 

 and tanneries are numerous. Paper, glass, leather, earthenware, 

 chemicals, beer, and spirits are manufactured pretty extensively. 



The exports of the Upper Ens are very considerable, and consist 

 principally of salt, timber, and wood for fuel, yarns, linens, woollens, 

 carpets, ironware, tools, nails, and screws, cutlery, flax, cotton-yarn, 

 cottons, stockings, cheese, beer, fruit, cattle, earthenware, mill aud 

 polishing stones, stone for building, &c. 



Divisions, Towns, <kc. The Upper Ens is divided into three circles : 

 Miihl, which has Linz for its capital, Hausruck, capital Wels, and 

 Traun, capital Steyer. Lixz is noticed under its title, Steyer and 

 Wels with the other principal towns of the province we notice here : 



Steyer, the capital of Traun, is situated at the junction of the Ens 

 and Steyer, 20 miles S.E. from Linz : population, 10,000. Steyer is 

 often styled the Birmingham of Austria, but neither the size of the 

 town nor the character of the goods quite entitle it to be put into 

 comparison with the Birmingham of England. It has however large 

 manufactories of fire-arms, and cutlery, and iron goods, and also of 

 cottons and cotton velvets. It is a walled town and has an ancient 

 castle. 



Wels, the capital of Hausruck, is on the left bank of the Traun, 

 16 miles S.W. from Linz; population, 4300. It contains several 

 churches and schools, aud a large hospital, has considerable manufac- 

 tories of cotton, leather, metal wares, &c. It is on the Budweis and 

 Gmunden railway, and is the centre of a considerable traffic. Ens, ou 

 a steep bank near the junction of the Ens with the Danube, 10 miles 

 E.S.E. from Linz, population 3500, is au ancient walled town, and 

 has some iron and steel works. Ens was the head-quarters of Napoleon 

 in 1809. Freistadt, ou the Budweis railway, 18 miles N.N.E. from 

 Linz, population 3000, contains a church, a college, and two castles. 

 Gmunden, at the efflux of the Traun from theTrauu-see (or lake), and 

 the terminus of the Budweis and Gmunden railway, 36 miles S.W. 

 from Linz, population 3300, is the chief town of the salt district, and 

 a place of considerable trade. It is visited for its saline springs and 

 baths. Steam-boats ply on the Traun-see. Ischtt, the capital of the 

 Salzkatnmergut, on the Traun, 50 miles S.W. from Linz, population 

 2000, has become a somewhat fashionable bathing place on account of 

 its saline springs, and picturesque situation aud scenery. It contains 

 two churches, schools, and excellent bathing establishments. A 

 suspension-bridge crosses the IschiL KremsniUnster, built round a 

 hill ou the left bank of the Krems, population about 1000, is cele- 

 brated for its rich abbey, observatory, musuum of natural history, and 

 public schools. Urfahr, or Urfer, on the Danube opposite Linz, with 

 which it is connected by a bridge, and to which it is a sort of suburb, 

 is a market-town with nearly 3000 inhabitants. 



The majority of the population of the Upper Ens are of the same 

 stock as the Bavarians. On the banks of the Ens and Traun are 

 some villages peopled with individuals of Slavonian extraction. The 

 proportions throughout the province are said to be five agricultural 

 labourers to two operatives. The Roman Catholic is the predominant 

 religion. According to the census of 1846 there were in the Upper 

 Ens (including the population of Salzburg) 840,635 Roman Catholics, 

 and only 16,058 Protestants of all sects. 



The public provision for education consisted of 2 upper grammar 

 schools, 3 gymnasia, 2 schools of philosophy, 1 4 special and 6 general 

 schools, making in all 27 upper schools. The popular schools 

 numbered 1251, being 8 head and 616 lower schools ; 8 girls, 7 infant, 

 and 609 adult schools. The number of children capable of attending 

 school was 92,234 ; the number in actual attendance, 89,396. Tho 

 adult or repetition schools (Wiederholuugschulen) were attended by 

 20,997 males and 19,010 females, in all 40,007. 



(Von Lichtenstern, Hassel, Blumenbach, Rbhrer, Jenny, &c. Ueber- 

 iichti-Tafeln, zur Statistik der osterreichiscken Monarchic; Gotha, 

 Almanac, 1854.) 



ENTRAIGUES. [AVETRON.] 



ENTRE DOURO E MINHO, a province of Portugal, situated 

 between 41 5' and 42 8' N. lat., 7 48' and 8 45' W. long., is bounded 

 N. by Galicia, in Spain, from which it is divided by the Minho ; S. by 

 Beira, from which it is divided by the Douro ; E. by Tras os Moutes ; 

 and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. The greatest leugth uorth to south is 

 about 70 miles; the greatest breadth east to west is about 45 miles. 

 The area is 2040 square miles. The population in 1S50 was 486,831. 

 The province is divided into two districts, as foEows : 



Districts. Square miles. Population. 



Viana ... 954 ... 187,191 



Era^a . . . 1080 . ". . 299,640 



Total . . 2040 . . . 486,831 



The districts are subdivided into 12 comarcas, or judiciary 

 divisions ; 32 concelhos, or communal divisions ; and 760 parishes, 

 as follows : 



Districts. 

 Viana 

 Braga 



Total 



Comarcas. 

 5 

 7 



12 



Concclhos. 

 13 

 19 



32 



Parishes. 

 273 

 487 



760 



