921 



ENTREVAUX. 



EPHESUS. 



Some of the large estancias (cattle farms) and saladeros (tallow-melting 

 establishments) are the property of and conducted by Englishmen. 

 As mentioned under ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION, Entre Rios took a 

 leading part in the revolt against the supremacy of Buenoa Ayres, 

 joining with Corrientes in the engagements with foreign powers, which 

 led to the fall of Rosas, and in all the subsequent proceedings which 

 have had for their main object the opening of the rivers Paraud and 

 Uruguay. [ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION; CORRIENTES.] 



Parand, or Villa del Parand, the capital of the province, is about 

 a mile from the left bank of the Parauit, in 31 45' S. lat., 60 47' W. 

 long., and contains about 6000 inhabitants. It is built on the summit 

 of a lofty cliff, which slopes gently towards Santa F<5, which stands 

 on the opposite side of the river, and hence the town derived its 

 original name, Bajada de Santa F6, or the 'Descent to Santa F6.' The 

 only public building of any consequence in Parani is the recently 

 erected government house. A large church which was commenced 

 some years back remains unfinished. The climate is mild and dry, 

 but not healthy. The houses have no fire-places ; and all classes live 

 much in the open air. The supply of water is very bad ; all that is 

 consumed is brought to the town in carts drawn by oxen. The town 

 at present has a quiet listless appearance. Only a few small vessels 

 belong to it. The exports are hides, hair, tallow, and lime. 



Conception de la China, formerly called Uruguay city, on the 

 Uruguay, is a small but old town of about 1500 inhabitants. It 

 once carried on some trade with Monte Video, but it is now decayed 

 and ruinous. The houses are mostly built of wood and mud, with 

 thatched roofs. In the centre of the Plaza is a pyramid now falling 

 to piecei!. In the vicinity is a large saladero. Concordia, on the 

 Uruguay, opposite Salta, from a village of a few mud huts, appears to 

 be growing into a place of some importance. It has about 1000 inha- 

 bitants, and carries on a good deal of trade. But the situation is bad, 

 as vessels are unable to reach the town at low water, and are obliged 

 to anchor about two miles below it. It contains a church and a large 

 school-house, endowed by the government. Gualeguay, on the 

 river of the same name (33 10' S. lat.), is a town of between 2000 

 and 3000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 300 are foreigners, chiefly 

 Basques and Italians. It is a place of a good deal of trade, but 

 vessels cannot approach nearer than about three leagues from the 

 town. In the neighbourhood is the most extensive estancia in this 

 part of the country, belonging to an English subject. It is the pro- 

 perty of Mrs. Brittain of Sheffield, and occupies 200 square leagues 

 of land. Several other estancias belonging to English subjects are 

 in the vicinity. Gualeguay-chu, near the mouth of the Gualeguay-chu, 

 about 60 miles E.N.E. from Gualeguay, population about 2500, 

 including nearly 300 foreigners, contains a neat church and a good 

 school-house, and is a place of some trade ; but the situation is incon- 

 venient, as vessels drawing more than 6 feet of water are sometimes 

 obliged to wait two or three weeks to get across the bar at the mouth 

 of the river. In the neighbourhood are some large tallow-melting 

 establishments. 



(Woodbine Parish, Buenoi Ayres ; M'Cann, Ride through the Argen- 

 tine Province!.) 



KXTREVAUX. [ALPES, BASSES.] 



ENYED, NAGY-ENYED, or STRASZBURG, a town in Transyl- 

 vania, is situated in 46 18' N. lat., 23 42' E. long., in a valley on the 

 right bank of the Marosh, and has about 5500 inhabitants. It is 

 built in an old-fashioned style, and contains a Roman Catholic, a 

 Lutheran, and a Reformed Lutheran church, but is most celebrated 

 fur its richly endowed Protestant lyceum. On the market-place are 

 the remains of the ancient burgh or castle, with its towers and loop- 

 holes, in which the Saxons, who built the town, were accustomed to 

 defend themselves against their Transylvanian assailants in former 

 days. The streets still retain their Saxon names. The population is 

 composed of Hungarians, Germans, Armenians, Greeks, and Walla- 

 chians. There are a paper-mill and some manufactures in the town, 

 and extensive vineyards in the neighbourhood. 



KPERIES, or PRESSOVA, a royal free town, and the capital of the 

 county of Ssiros, in Upper Hungary, is situated in 48 58' N. lat., 

 21 15' E. long., in an agreeable country on the banks of the Tartsza, 

 and has about 9000 inhabitants. It is surrounded with walls defended 

 by bastions, and encircled by extensive gardens and inclosures, among 

 which are the suburbs. The streets are broad, and embellished with 

 several handsome buildings, among which are the county hall, four 

 Roman Catholic churches, a Lutheran church, a synagogue, Protestant 

 and Roman Catholic high-schools, the latter attached to the Franciscan 

 monastery, a chapter-house, town-hall, orphan asylum, and poorhouse. 

 It is the seat of a Greek Catholic bishopric erected in 1807, has a 

 good episcopal library, and an imitation of Mount Calvary, on which 

 several chapels are built. Eperies manufactures woollens and linens, 

 and possesses a large earthenware manufactory and breweries, as well 

 as * considerable trade in cattle, wine, and grain, to which the annual 

 fairs greatly contribute. About 4 miles from the town, the environs 

 of which are agreeably diversified, are the chalybeate springs of 

 Cremete, or Krasyna-voda, with baths. 



KPKRXAY. [MARNE.] 



KTHESUS, a city of Lydia, Asia Minor, and one of the twelve 

 cities whLh belonged to the Ionian confederation (Herod, i. 142), was 

 situated near the left bank and close to the mouth of the river 



Caystrus, in 38 N. lat., 27 48' E. long. By the mouth of the river 

 was a lake, formed by the sea, called Seliuusia, and close to this was 

 another lake which communicated with it. The city itself stood on 

 elevated ground ; the country around was an alluvial plain. About a 

 mile and a half N.E. from the site of the ancient city is the modern 

 village of AIASALUCK. 



There is a myth that the city was originally called Smyrna, from 

 the Amazon of that name ; it is also said to have borne three or four 

 other names. The name of Ephesus does not occur in the Homeric 

 poems ; and Strabo says there is no proof that the city was in exist- 

 ence at the time of the Trojan war. According to him the oldest 

 inhabitants of the site of Ephesus were Carians and Leleges, most of 

 whom were ejected by the settlers from Greece under Androclus. The 

 temple of Artemis (Diana), to which the city owed so large a part of 

 its fame and consequence, was already built here. From a tradition 

 preserved by Pausanias it would seem that the original temple was 

 outside the city ; and it is probable that the subsequent temples were 

 erected on its site. The site of Ephesus was changed more than 

 once. Before about B.C. 300 it appears to have occupied the low 

 marshy plain between the heights and the river. But Lysimachus, who 

 obtained possession of the western part of Asia Minor after the death 

 of Antigouus, conceiving the hijjhur ground to be a more advantageous 

 situation for the city, built the walls which existed when Strabo 

 wrote, and which are doubtless those the ruins of which still remain. 

 The inhabitants however were unwilling to remove to the site which 

 he had inclosed ; and he therefore, says Strabo, waited till the rains 

 set in, when he stopped up the channels which carried off the water, 

 thereby flooding the old city, and making the inhabitants glad to 

 occupy the new site. It appears more probable however that the old 

 city, the site of which was too low, was destroyed by the sudden 

 rising of the river in a violent storm, as described in a little poem by 

 Dorus, who appears to have lived about the time of its destruction. 

 Lysimachus gave the place the name of his wife, Arsinoe, but the old 

 name was afterwards restored. 



Though the Ionian Ephesua was an important place there is little 

 of consequence related of its history. From the time of Androclus 

 it was the kingly residence of the lonians. Ephesus was the first of 

 the Ionian towns attacked by Croesus. It fell successively into the 

 hands of the Lydian and Persian monarchs. It was the scene of a 

 defeat of the louians and their allies the Athenians and Erebrians in 

 B.C. 499. Towards the end of the Peloponuesiau war the Athenians 

 were defeated here; and in B.C. 407 the Athenian fleet under Antioehus 

 was defeated here by the Spartau fleet under Lysander. From an 

 early period Ephesus was regarded as a sacred city, the temple of 

 Artemis being looked upon with especial reverence ; and it is noted 

 that when Xerxes burnt the temples at Branchidas and elsewhere he 

 spared that of Ephesus. As a commercial city its rise may date from 

 the erection of the new city by Lysimachus, and during both the 

 Macedonian and Komau periods it grew into commercial importance 

 in proportion to the decay of Miletus. After the great defeat of 

 King Autiochus at Magnesia (B.C. 190) the Romans in partitioning 

 Asia Minor gave Ephesus to the king of Pergamum. The king 

 (Attalus Philadelphus), Strabo tells us, in order to improve the 

 harbour, which had become shallow by the deposit of the alluvium of 

 the Caystrus, directed his architects to place a mole in front of the 

 harbour, thinking that by contracting the entrance, which was very 

 wide, both the entrance and the harbour would become deep enough 

 for large merchant ships. But the result was just opposite to his 

 expectations; for the alluvium was now kept within the entrance 

 and the whole harbour made shallower, whereas before it was iu a 

 measure cleared away by the floods and the reflux of the sea. After 

 the death of Attalus III. the Romans having taken possession of his 

 dominions formed the province of Asia Minor, and Ephesus became 

 its chief city, and the usual residence of the Roman governor and of 

 the chief of the Asiarchs ; and it was here that the Romans usually 

 landed when they went to Asia. Strabo, who visited it in the reign 

 of Auguptus, says that the city was then in a state of great prosperity. 

 It had both ship-houses and a harbour, though the harbour had 

 become more shallow; in all other respects the city owing to its 

 favourable situation was increasing daily. It was already the greatest 

 place of trade of all the cities west of the Taurus. The port, called 

 Pauormus, was visited by ships from all the ports of the Mediter- 

 ranean ; and the city was connected by great lines of road with all 

 the markets of the interior. It waa probably in much the same con- 

 dition when visited by St. Paul a few years later. The apostle stayed 

 at Ephesus three years (Acts, xx. 31) and founded a church there, 

 which in the book of Revelations (i. 11 ; ii. 1, &c.) is placed first 

 among the churches of Asia. The heathen and Christian churches of 

 Ephesus subsisted together for a considerable time. The final 

 destruction of the great heathen temple was effected about A.D. 260 

 by the Goths, or Scythians, in what is known as their third naval 

 invasion, and with its fall the splendour of the city may be said to 

 have ended. It existed however some centuries longer, though its 

 dimeusions were contracted, and its trade was gradually decaying. 

 The third great council of the Christian Church was held at Ephesus 

 in A.D. 341. Of its general history whilst a Byzantine city nothing 

 worthy of mention is recorded. Its final destruction has been some- 

 times attributed to Timur, who encamped here after his capture 



