EPHESUS. 



KPIDAURUS. 



I : 



of Smvrn* (A.D. 1402) : but it it not mentioned by bii historian, nod 

 there U no doubt that Ephesus had perished long before. 



The only vestige* which now mimin of the onoe great city are omo 

 oooftand heap* of ruin*, chiefly thon of its famoiu temple nnd 

 theatre, with the lomewhat more perfcot line* of the wait* by which 

 it wai encompassed. " Many other wall* indeed remain to show the- 

 extent of the building* of the city, bat no inscription or ornament U 

 to be found, cities baring been built out of this quarry of worked 

 marble. The ruin* of the adjoining town [AIABALUCKI, which arose 

 about 400 yean ago, are entirely composed of material* from Ephesus, 

 and these old castle and mosque walls have become in their turn our 

 quarry for relics of antiquity. (Fellows, ' Researches in Asia Minor,' 



Both Pococke and Kiepert hare given plans of the ancient city ; 

 they differ in many respects, and though Kiepert'* i* more in ocoord- 

 anoejwith recent researches, it is possible that neither is accurate in 

 its details. The whole compass of the wall*, according to Pococke, is 

 about four miles ; in Kiepert' s plan it is somewhat less. Hamilton, 

 one of the latest and mot careful of the traveller* who hnve examined 

 the ruins of Epheeus, describes the walls of Lyvimachun as stretching 

 in a south-east and north-west direction, along the ridge of Mount 

 Coressus, from " immediately to the south of the gymnasium to the 

 tower called the Prison of St. Paul, but which is in fact one of the 

 towers of the ancient wall, closely resembling many others which 

 occur at various intervals. The portion which connected Mount 

 Prion with Mount Coressus, and in which was the Magnesian Oate, 

 appears to have been immediately to the east of the gymnasium." 

 Another wall, which Hamilton supposes to be an older one, extends 

 from the theatre over the top of Mount Prion, and thence to the 

 eastern end of the stadium. Besides these he was able to trace con- 

 siderable remains of another wall " at the foot of Mount Coressus, 

 extending from near the theatre westward to the port and temple of 

 Diana." This, which he supposes to have been constructed by the 

 Byzantines when the town had diminished in size, is built chiefly of 

 brick. The walls of Lysimachus are, according to Pococke, built in a 

 rough manner, but cased with hewn stone. Fellows says that this wall 

 i* " a fine specimen of very early Greek architecture, having only the 

 horizontal line of joints, the others being irregular, as in the Cyclo- 

 pean :_the doorways are also of the early Grseco-Egyptian, as seen at 

 Aasoa." Hamilton gives an engraving of one of these gateways, 

 which is in a nearly perfect state. In some places the wall remains 

 tolerably entire ; in other* the foundations only are visible, and ore 

 ten feet thick. 



The goddess Artemis was worshipped at Ephesns when the Ionian* 

 settled there. Herodotns mention* a temple of Artemis a* existing 

 there in the time of Cronos, who added largely to its wealth : this 

 temple and that of Hera at Samoe he speak* of a* among the great 

 work* of the Greeks. Chersiphron was the original architect, but 

 another architect enlarged it This enlarged temple is said to have 

 been burnt by Herostratu* on the night on which Alexander the 

 Great was born. A new temple was commenced on its file ; and so 

 zealous were the Ephesians in the work that the people gave freely 

 their property and the women their ornaments, in order to furnish 

 the money requisite for constructing it with the desired magnificence : 

 yet it was 280 yean before it was finished. When Alexander entered 

 Asia on his expedition into Persia he offered to repay all that had 

 been expended upon the temple, and to furnish all that would be 

 required to complete it, if he were permitted to place the inscription 

 upon it ; but the Ephesians, determined that the work should be their 

 own, declined his offer. The temple was built on the marshy ground 

 outside the city, Pliny says, as being thus more secure against earth- 

 quakes ; the foundations were formed of well-rammed charcoal and 

 wood. The length of the temple was 425 feet and the width 220 feet. 

 It contained 128 columns (Pliny says 127, but this i* of course an 

 error), each 60 feet hiKh, and each the gift of a king. This was much 

 larger than any other Greek temple : the area of the great Olympi.-imn 

 at Athens was about two third* that of the temple at Ephesus'; the 

 ana of the Parthenon was only one-fourth of it. And its splendour 

 was equal to its size. The altar was chiefly the work of Praxiteles. 

 In the temple was one of the great pictures of Apelles. It also con- 

 tained some of the works of Thraso. Thirty-six of the column* were 

 richly carved, one of them by Scopus. In the treasury of the temple 

 w*s stored a Urge part of the wealth of Western Asia. From the 

 earliest times it was an asylum for debton and malefactors. The 

 original limits of this asylum were extended to a stadium by Alex- 

 ander, and still farther by Mithridatea. M. Antoninus greatly advanced 

 the limiu of the asylum, making them to include a part of the city ; 

 but this ordinance being found productive of much inconvenience was 

 abolished by Augustus. The service of the temple was conducted by 

 priest* called Megalobuxi, who were eunuchs, who were held in great 

 honour ; with them rirgins were awociated in the superintendence of 

 the temple. The wonbip of the Ephesian Artemis served as the 

 model of that of other cities and countries; and Urge numbers of 

 strangers resorted to Kphesus to worship in the great temple : it was 

 probably for the foreign visitors mainly that the "silver shrine* fur tlie 

 goddess" were made, " which brought no small gain to the craftsmen" 

 of Ephesns (AcU, six. 34). It has been already sai.l that the temple 

 was destroyed by the Scythians about A.D. 260. A Christian church 



was afterward* erected on the site. At the present time the very site is 

 a matter of doubt Hamilton thinks he has ascertained its site to be 

 marked by some massive structures " near the western extremity of 

 the town, which overlook the swamp or marsh where was the ancient 

 harbour." The ruins which be fixed on as the site of the temple 

 appear to be the same as those pointed out by Pooocko, but the brick 

 arches and other works which Pococku thought to be part* of the 

 great temple, Hamilton with more probability attributes to " the 

 Christians after the destruction of the temple and the removal of the 

 columns by Constantine, when a church was erected on its ruins." 

 Kiepert however places the great temple more to the north and east ; 

 but Mr. Falkener, who ho* more recently made an elaborate survey of 

 Ephcsus, thinks " it more to the west and nearer to the sea than in 

 Kiepert 1 s map ; " in other words, restores it to the position assigned 

 to it by Pococke and Hamilton, and which certainly most nearly 

 corresponds with the statement of Pliny. The vast ruins of the 

 temple probably long served as a marble quarry. There is little doubt 

 that it furnished materials to many of the building* in Constantinople 

 as well as in Aiasaluck. 



But however it may be with the great temple, according to Sir 

 Cliarles Fellows, " of the Bite of the theatre, the site of the tumult 

 raised by Demetrius, there can be no doubt, its ruins being a wreck of 

 immense grandeur. But its form alone can now be spoken of, for every 

 seat is removed, and the Proscenium is a hill of ruins." This theatre, 

 the largest Greek theatre of which the remain* have yet been traced, 

 was 660 feet in diameter. The Stadium was another vast structure ; 

 its diameter being, according to Chandler, 637 feet On the north 

 side he found the seats to be constructed on arches, but on the south 

 they are laid on Mount Prion, or Lepre, as it was also called. Besides 

 these there are still visible considerable remains of another vast 

 edifice of Roman date, which has been generally stated to be a 

 gymnasium, but which Fellows think* is a palace. It stands on the 

 south-east side of the city, and the foundations of a large number of 

 rooms are yet traceable. The outer walls are of brick and stone, of 

 four or five courses of each laid alternately, and constructed with 

 great solidity. A plan and a view of the remain* of this edifice, and 

 also several interesting views of the other remains of Ephesus, from 

 sketches made when they were more perfect than at present, are given 

 in vol. ii. of the 'Antiquities of Ionia,' published by the Dilettanti 

 Society. One of these now less perfect buildings is a temple, repre- 

 sented in plates 44 and 45 of that work ; it was ISO feet long and 

 80 broad. The cella is constructed of large coarse stone ; the portico 

 is of marble, and of the Corinthian order. The columns are nearly 

 47 feet high, and the shafts are fluted, and of one piece of stone. The 

 style is Roman, and the temple was dedicated, probably with tho 

 permission of Augustus Cicsar, to the deified Julius. 



Coin of Ephcu. 

 I!rltlli Museum. Actual Sire. Silver. \Vcigbt, 17CJ grain*. 



The other vast heaps of remains arc most of them as yet but im- 

 perfectly assigned. Among them are supposed to be the agon, 

 to which were the Corinthian temple, just noticed, and the large 

 theatre. An Olympieium appears to have stood on Mount Prion. ' <n 

 the south-east of the Mount are the tombs, in one of which Pococke saw 

 a very large marble sarcophagus. There are also the remains of an 

 aqueduct near the city. Chandler and Hamilton both copied some 

 inscriptions at Ephesus, but, according to Fellows, there are none to 

 be seen there now. 



(Pococke, TravdtintheEatt; Chandler, Interiptioiu* Antique ; Ionian 

 A ntiqnitio, and Trarelt in Alia Minor ; Leake, Alia Minur ; Hamilton, 

 Raearchei in Alia Minor; Fellows, Trarelt and Jietcarchn in AIM 

 Minor ; Guhl, Ki>huiaca ; Long, in Dictionary of Greek and Roman 

 Oeoyraphy ; Conybeare and Howson, Life and Letter* of St. 

 vol. ii. ). 



Ki'lliiKI. [DORIS; DORIANS.] 



I .i 'I I >.\ THUS, a celebrated city of ancient Greece, situated on the 

 eastern coast of Argolis, on a small bay in the Saron<< 

 surrounded by mountains on the land side, in 36" 46' N*. hit.. 

 long. Its more ancient name was Epicarus, from its earliest inhabit- 

 ants, who were Carians, and who were subsequently joined by Rome 

 Ionian* from Attica. (Aristot apud Htrab.) When the Dorians 

 got possession of Argon, Epidaurus yielded without resistance to 

 them, and admitted a Dorian colony under Deiphontes. (Pausan. ii. 

 26, 1.) The constitution of Epidaurus was originally monarchical. 

 Afterward* the government was ariatocratical ; the chief magistrates 

 were called Aitynic, or Artyni, as at Argos (Thucyd. v. 47), and were 

 the presidents of a council of 180; the common people were termed 

 'konipode*' (xorlwoSti), or 'dusty-feet,' in allusion to their agri- 



