.: 



KPP1NO. 



KUKURT. 



I 



the oracle at Dodona, the old city of Ephyra, and the rireri 

 Acheron and Cocytua, celebrated in the old mythology. The mo*t 

 celebrated city in Molotsia was Ambracia, a Corinthian colony, 

 founded about B.C. 635. It had a harbour on the Oulf of Art*, and 

 a email naval force. Ambracia received a very severe blow in the 

 defeat! by the Athenian* and Amphilochiani 423-426 B.C., but their 

 louei were in some moature repaired by a new colony from Corinth. 

 (Thucyd. ii. 63 ; Ui. 105, Ac.) Pyrrhiu made Ambracia his uiual 

 j>lce of residence. (Liv. xxxviii. 9.) It utaiiied a very remarkable 

 liege during the war between the Romans and ^Gtoliana. (Pulyb. 

 xxii 13.) Under the Roman dominion it sunk gradually into insignifi- 

 cance, and iti ruin was completed by the transfer of its inhabitants 

 to Nicopolis, which was founded by Augustus to commemorate his 

 victory at Actium. IU site is marked by the town of A RTA. 



EPPINO, Essex, a market-town and the seat of a PoorLaw Union 

 in the parish of Epping, is situated in 51 41' N. lat., 7' E. long., 

 distant 16 miles W. by 8. from Chelmaford, and 164 miles N.N.K. 

 from London. The population of the parish of Epping in 1851 was 

 2255. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Essex and diocese 

 of Rochester. Epping Poor-Law Union contains 17 parishes and town- 

 ships, with an area of 46,442 acres, and a population in 1851 of 15,630. 



K; ping stands in a pleasant and healthy situation at the northern 

 extremity of the extensive tract known as Epping Forest. The prin- 

 cipal part of the town, called Epping-street, consists of a Hue of 

 irregularly built houses extending more than half a mile. The church, 

 pleasantly situated on rising ground, about 2 miles north-west of the 

 street, and with the houses scattered about it, forms the hamlet called 

 Epping Upland. In the ' Street ' is a chapel of ease, originally belong- 

 ing to the abbot and monks of Waltham. The chapel has been 

 rebuilt, and is vested in trustees for the benefit of the inhabitants. 

 There are chapels for Quakers and Independents, National and British 

 schools, and a reading room. The market is held on Friday, and is well 

 supplied with dairy produce. Butter is produced in large quantities 

 for the London market Fairs are held on Whit-Tuesday and 

 November 13th. About 2 miles S.W. from Epping is Copped Hall, a 

 mansion erected about a century ago near the site of a former residence 

 of the monks of Waltham, and since that time much improved. It 

 is one of the finest seats in the county. Near it are the remains of 

 an ancient camp, probably British, now overgrown with trees, called 

 Ambreys, or Ambersbury bonks. 



Epping Forest, now limited to the south-west part of the county, 

 was formerly called the Forest of Essex, being the only forest in 

 Esaex, the whole of which was anciently comprehended in it. The 

 metes and bounds of the forest were finally determined on the 8th of 

 September, 1640, by virtue of a commission under the great seal of 

 England. The boundaries as thus settled include 11 parishes and 

 parts of 10 others. The extent of the forest is estimated at 60,000 

 acres, of which 48,000 acres are estimated to be inclosed and private 

 property : the remaining 12,000 acres are uninclosed wastes and woods. 

 That part of the waste which was called Hainault Forest, was 

 disafforested by the Act 14 and 15 Viet, cap. 43, passed August 1st, 

 1851. On the first Friday in July a pleasure fair, known as Fairlop 

 Fair, was held round the spot once occupied by an enormous oak 

 called Fairlop Oak. 



(Morant, Euex; Wright, Euex; Young, Agriculture of Euex; 

 Communication from Epping.) 



EPSOM, Surrey, a market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 in the parish of Epsom, is situated on the margin of Banstead Downs, 

 in 51 19' N. lat, 16' W. long. ; distant 16 miles N.E. by E. from 

 Guildford, 15 miles S.W. by S. from London by road, and 184 miles by 

 the London, Croydon, and Epsom railway. The population of the 

 town in 1851 was 3390. For sanitary purposes the parish is under 

 the management of a Local Board of Health. The living is a vicarage 

 with the curacy of Hoo annexed, in the archdeaconry of Surrey and 

 diocese of Winchester. Epsom Poor-Law Union contains 16 parishes, 

 with an area of 39,559 acres, and a population in 1851 of 18,796. 



The name appears to have been originally Ebbasbam, ' the home of 

 Ebb*.' Epsom contains some good dwellings, and there is a public 

 building called the Assembly Rooms, in which county meetings are 

 heid. The parish church, a gothic structure, was almost eutirely 

 rebuilt in 1824. In the chancel are some fine monuments by Flaxmau 

 and Chantry. The Wesleyan Methodists, Independents, and Calvin- 

 fatie Baptist* have places of worship. There are in Epsom National, 

 British, and Infant school* ; a savings bank ; almshouses for 12 poor 

 widow*, and several charitable endowment*. In the centre of the town 

 is a sheet of water, and an ornamental clock tower, which serves for 

 an engine-house to supply the water to the town. 



The once celebrated medicinal springs of Epsom, containing 

 sulphate of magnesia, and which gave name to Epsom Salt*, are still 

 in rxiatence, though not now resorted to. Brick making, brewing, 

 and malting arc carried on in Epsom, ami in the vicinity are nursery 

 grounds. The market is held on Wednesday, chiefly for corn ; a fair 

 is held on July 25th, for cattle and wool. The famous Epsom races 

 are held on the adjacent down*. The grand stand on the race-course 

 is a large and convenient building. Woodoote Park, Morton Park, the 

 Oaks, and many other seat* are in the neighbourhood. 



(Manning and Bray, Starry ; Braylcy, Hurrty ; Communication from 



EPWOBTH. [Lanumn.] 



EKBIL, or ARBKLA. [P.A..III..MI.] 



KHKTHIA. [Ki-iwEA.] 



EKFUKT, a government or administrative division of Prussian 

 Saxony, is bounded N. by Hanover and Brunswick, E. by the govern- 

 ment of Merseburg and the duchy of Saxe-Weimar, 8. by Saxe-Gotha, 

 Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Weimar, and W. by Hesse-Cassel. Its area 

 is 1 !'! square miles, and its population at the clone of 1849 was 

 :H7.-7'J, above one-fourth of whom are Roman Catholics, and the 

 remainder, with the exception of about 1500 Jews, are Protestant*. 

 The surface is in general hilly, being traversed by numerous offsets of 

 the Hare and the Thuringerwald. The soil of the province is favourable 

 for the cultivation of grain, and rather more than one half of its 

 surface is arable land. About one-fifth of it is appropriated to meadows 

 or pastures, and rather more than one-fourth is occupied by wood* 

 and forests. His watered by the Unstrut, the Qera, Werra, balza, Krlan, 

 Heide, Wipper, and Saale. The chief products are corn, flax, tobacco, 

 hops, seeds, and salt Great numbers of horses, honied cattle, sheep, 

 goats, and swine ore reared. In the circles of Weissensee and Schlcu- 

 singen mines of iron, lead, and copper ore worked ; marble, gy i 

 and sulphur also are among the mineral productions. The manufac- 

 tures are considerable, and comprise iron and steel-ware, tin-plates, 

 seed-oil, woollen-yarn, cloths, flannels, and carpets ; linen and cotton, 

 silk stuffs, hosiery, paper, glass, spirits, wooden clocks, &c. There are 

 a number of mineral springs in the hilly districts. 



The province or government of Erfurt is of most irregular shape, 

 being broken into strips by Schwarzburg-Sondcrahausen (which is 

 entirely inclosed by Prussian Saxony), and the small Thuringian states. 

 The moat connected portion of it lies south, west, and north-west of 

 Swarzburg, and the isolated bailiwick of Volkenrode belonging to Saxe- 

 Gotha. The province also includes some small isolated detached 

 tracts, the most important of which is the Prussian share of the old 

 county of Hcnneberg, which lies between Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, 

 and Schwaraburg-Rudolstadt on the western slope of Thuringerwald. 



The province is divided into nine circles, named from the chief 

 town in each Erfurt, Nordhausen, Heiligeustodt, Miihlhausen, 

 Worbis, Schleusingen, Langensalzo, Weissensee, and Ziegenriick. 



Erfurt, the capital of the government, is situated on the Gem a 

 feeder of the Unstrut, in a richly cultivated plain, in 50 58' N. lat, 

 11 8' E. long., on the great road leading from Frankfurt-am-Mayn to 

 the north of Germany, 14 miles by railway W. from Weimar, and has 

 about 25,000 inhabitants. It was formerly the capital of Thuringia, 

 and is a fortress of the second order, possessing two citadels, one the 

 Petersburg, within the walls, and the other Cyriaxburg, on Mount 

 Cyriax, outside of the town. Erfurt has six gates ; five public 

 squares, one of which, the market-square, U ornamented with a stone 

 obelisk 50 feet high, erected in 1802, to Charles, elector of Mainz; 

 several broad and well-built streets; 11 Roman Catholic and 8 Protes- 

 tant churches. The cathedral church of St Mary is a fine gothic 

 structure ; in this church there is a bell called the Maria Clara Susanna, 

 cast in 1492, which weighs nearly 14 tons. The cell of the former 

 Augustine monastery, in which Luther resided from 1501 to 1508, is 

 still shown ; it contains several memorials of him. The monastery is 

 now used as an orphan house. Of the numerous religious houses 

 which Erfurt formerly possessed the Ursuline convent alone remains, 

 and has a female school attached to it, which U superintended by the 

 nuns. Among the scholastic institutions in the town are a high 

 school, a gymnasium, a deaf and dumb school, schools of surgery, 

 design, and architecture. There are also a botanical garden ; a library 

 of about 50,000 volumes, formerly belonging to the university, which 

 was suppressed in 1816; an ophthalmic hospital; and a general 

 hospital Erfurt is the seat of provincial administration and of the 

 provincial tribunals. It has considerable manufactures of cottons and 

 woollens, besides less extensive ones of linen, ribands, leather, soap, 

 earthenware, seed-oil, stockings, shoes, gloves, tobacco, &c., mid it 

 carries on a brisk trade in fruits, seeds, grocery, and drugs, grain, ic. 



Heiligenttadt, situated on the Leine near the Hanoverian frontier, 

 50 miles, N.W. from Erfurt, is a regularly built walled town with 

 about 5000 inhabitants. It has a castle, four Roman Catholic churches, 

 a gymnasium, a house of correction, several spirit dmtillerii 

 manufactures of woollen yarns and wooden clocks. From 1807 to 

 1814 Heiligenstaclt was the capital of the department of the Harz in 

 the kingdom of Westphalia. 



Langenialza, 20 miles N.W. from Erfurt on the road to Gottingen 

 and Hanover, stands on the Salza and near its mouth in the Unstrut, 

 in 51 6' 69" N. lat, 10 38' 88" E. long., and has about 8000 inha- 

 bitants. The town is defended by a castle and surrounded by walls 

 which are pierced by four gates. It contains four churches, a high 

 school, a public library, and four hospitals. The manufactures are 

 silk, cotton, and woollen stuffs, gunpowder, and starch. There are a 

 sulphureous spring and baths about two miles from Laiigcnsalza, 

 which are much frequented in summer. 



Muhlka\uen, 10 miles N.W. from Langensalza, i* situated in a 

 pretty and very fertile district on the right bank of the Unstrut, in 

 51 12' 69" N. lat, 10 28' 63" E. long., and has a population of about 

 13,000. It is an old town girt with wet ditches and high walls flauked 

 with towers. There are four Lutheran churches, the finest of which 

 is the Hauptkirche in the Oberstodt, or Upper Town ; three hospitals; 



