. 



KHX.I N 



EBSK3L. 



The highest part of the range, which i* towards iU pout hern 

 border, form* partly the boundary-line between Bohemia and Saxony, 

 bat i mostly within the former kingdom. It* southern declivity, 

 which i* steep and scored by narrow valley*, terminate* in the 

 valley of the river Eger, about 10 or 15 mile* from the upper range. 

 The valley of the Eger lower* gradually from ireat to east, from 

 1100 feet to 400 feet above these*. The northern declivity of the 

 range descends in more gentle dope* towards the great plain of 

 Northern Germany ; and the** slopes are divided from one another 

 by wide and open valleys. The undulating plain which lies contiguous 

 to it may be from 500 to 600 feet above the level of the sea. 



The highest portion of the range occur* on both sides of 13 E. long., 

 but rather to the west of it Here are the Keilberg, 4212 feet, the 

 Iberg, SMS feet, the Schwanberg 8088 feet, and the Haasberg, 

 3248 feet above the sea. Farther east and farther west the range 

 gradually sinks lower, the Great Chirnstein, on the banks of the Elbe, 

 rising only to 1824 feet above the sea. 



The range connate chiefly of granite and gneiss, except along the 

 Elbe, where sandstone almost exclusively occurs. It is rich in 

 metallic ore* of almost every kind. Gold occurs in a few placea 

 The silver-mine* are considerable, their annual produce amounting 

 to 720,000 ounces ; the iron-mines yield from 8500 or 4000 tons of 

 iron. The tin-mines of Saxony are the most valuable on the European 

 continent, and produce annually 140 tons. Copper is not abundant, 

 and the annual produce doe* not exceed 30 tons ; but from the lead- 

 mines 400 or 506 tons are annually obtained ; and of cobalt COO tons 

 and upwards. Arsenic, brimstone, and vitriol are likewise abundant : 

 and there is also quicksilver, antimony, calamine, bismuth, and man- 

 ganese. Coal abounds iu the neighbourhood of Dresden and Zwickau. 

 Kaolin, or porcelain clay, occurs in layers six feet thick at Aue, about 

 12 miles S.E. from Zwickau, whence it is carried to Meissen, and 

 there used in the royal porcelain manufactory. Several kinds of 

 precious stones are found, as garnets, topazes, tourmalins, amethysts, 

 beryls, jaspers, and chalcedonies. 



The upper parts of the range are covered with extensive forests, 

 which furnish fuel for the great smelting-worku. The lower slopes 

 and valleys aro well cultivated, but the produce is not sufficient for 

 the maintenance of the great population which is employed in the 

 mines and in the numerous manufacture* of cotton, silk, and linen. 

 Great quantities of corn are annually brought from the plain which 

 lie* to the north of the range. 



Six great roads pan over this range, the most important of whirl, 

 are those that connect Prague with Dresden and Chemnitz. The 

 great railway from Vienna to Dresden, through Prague, crosses the 

 Erzgebirge at its eastern extremity, and runs at a little distance from 

 the left bank of the Elbe. [K'iEB ; BOHEMIA.] 

 N. [ARMENIA.] 



KKZ-UU'M, a town in Armenia, capital of an extensive pashalic in 

 Asiatic Turkey, is situated in an extensive and fertile plain watered 

 by the western branch of the Euphrates, which runs at a few miles' 

 distance from the town. [ARMENIA.] The population iu 1828, at 

 the time of the lius-ian invasion of Turkey, was estimated at about 

 130,000; in 1838 it did not exceed 15,000, but was then increasing; 

 in 1844 the population reached 44,000, and was still on the increase. 

 Indeed the number of inhabitants fluctuates considerably oh account 

 of the great number of strangers who arrive and depart in the caravans. 

 The town is large, and is partly surrounded by an old castellated wall 

 and a ditch. On its southern skirt* stands a citadel, cnciivlcd by a 

 double wall flanked with towers very close to each other, and with a 

 ditch. The citadel has four gates, ana incloses the palace of the pasha 

 and a large part of the Turkish I'ut a large portion 



of Kr/ rum i- unwalled, and this part contains the principal bazaars 

 and khan*. The streets are narrow, dirty, and like all Turkish town; 

 infested by dogs. The houses for the most part aro low, and built of 

 wood, mud, or sun-dried brick* ; but the bazaars are extensive, and 

 well supplied with provisions. Erz rum ha* nearly forty mosques, a 

 Greek church, a large Armenian church, a custom-house, and nu 

 caravanMrais. Since it* restoration to the Turks by the peace of 



itc of decny. 

 Before tlie Knmian invasion < of silk ami 



:nade here, '. ather was tanned ; th 



Important manufacture* of copper vessels. ! 'urn of 



peace nit; industry han not rccoi mer activity. 



The country about it produce* nothing for export except corn and 

 sheep and cattle. The corn is too heavy an m 



ance to the wa in a country devoid of roads ; the cattle and sheep are 

 ent to Constantinople alive, or as dried meats. The commerce and 

 transit tnnle of the city is extensive, owing to its position on the 

 great caravan-route from Constantinople and Trebimnd to Persia and 

 Mesopotamia. The imporU comprise shawls, silk good-, cotton, 

 toUooo. rice, indi-o, madder, rhubarb, *<-., from the cast; and broad- 

 ! . h. chintze*, cutlery, and I' ifacturc* by way of Trebi/oml. 



The native export*, besides thooc above . are horses, mules, 



and gall-nuU. A few fun are exported to Kussia. 



mm stands in 30* 51'' , 41* 46' 23" E. long., at an 



elevation of 5800 feet (some say . i above tho sea. The 



winters are long and extremely cold. [ARMENIA.] 



E3CAUT, V. [ScnELDE-J 



{ HKBB-CASBBU] 



i IMAL. [CAWILLA-LA-NOBTA.] 

 MER.] 



i.'ii.) 



E8PALION. [AVKTBOS.] 



E8PIIUTI SANTO. (Hits/, i.; CUBA; KEW HEBRIDES.] 



K-I'IMT. ST. 



MIMIC of a people that inhabits the most 

 : i -I. On the enst rn ,.,,-i^t of America 

 they are met with as far south a* 60 N. 1st. on the shores 

 Strait of Belle Isle. They occupy the whole of the great peninsula 

 of Labrador and the whole eastern coast of IK,! -..nV liny up to Ka.it 

 Main River. On the western side of Hudson's Bay they inhx 

 coast north of Churchill River, whence they extend northward over 

 the Barren Lands to the Great Fish Hiver, or Thleweechode ' 

 both banks of which they are found cast of 100 W. lom;. Tli" whole 

 country between this river, the Great Bear I.akt>, the Mackenzie 

 Kiver. and the Arctic Ocean i exclusively inhabit. . The 



coast lying to the west of Mackenzie Kiver is also in their possession ; 

 and they seem to be spread as far as Kotzebue Sound, on 1> 

 Strait. They also occupy Greenland and all the other islands 

 between the northern coast of Ameriea and the pole as far a* they are 

 habitable. 



In stature the Esquimaux are inferior to Europeans. A person is 

 rarely seen who exceeds five feet in height. Their faces are broad and 

 round, cheek-bones high, cheeeks round and plump, nose small, ; 



nd lips thick. Their eyes are in general of a deep Mack ; but 

 gome are of a dark chestnut colour : i 11 and 



deeply seated, owing to the eye'ids being much encumbered with 

 fat. The hair is uniformly long, lank, and of a jet-black colour. The 

 cars aro situated far back on the head. Their bodies are largo. square, 

 and robust, the chest high, and (hi ry broad. Their hands 



and feet are in general remarkably small. They are of a deep a 

 colour. Some of them wear long beards ; but for the most part the 

 beard is plucked out as soon as it appears. They show a good deal of 

 ingenuity in making their dresses ami instnnn 



Their language is dill'eivnt from that spoken by the other savage 

 nations who inhabit North America. The same language i* spoken by 

 nil thu different tribes of the Esquimaux, though of course each of 

 them has expressions which are peculiar. 



,-i-y : Mae Keevor; Graah, Voyage to Greenland.) 



HP.] 



liRITISJT.] 



i on the custom coast of the 

 island of (ir , and lying between 51 



4' W. long., and 1 17' }'.. 1 mty of 



Suffolk and by t! . \V. by H re and 



by the county of Middlesex, S. by the gradually widening (estuary of 

 the Thames, by which it is separated from tlio county of Kei,' 

 S.E. and S. by the German Ocean. The length of a - 

 drawn from the north-western to the north-eastern extremity of 

 the county is 53 miles; but th' northern boundary of the . 

 following its turni', 



the north-western with the south-western extremity 

 the boundary line, from its many windings, extends to 53 : 

 The length of a line joining the south-v xitorn 



extremity "'' " "i"'\ is ' ;: ' miles; lint th 



bank of the, Thames and the coast of the ocean is about S5 miles. 

 a of the county is estimated at 1''. niles.or 1,060,649 



icres. The population according to the return of 1841 was 



i,818. 



Coaili, /.' The bank of the Thome* and the sea-coast of 



Essex."' almo*t throughout. The marshes extend inli 



some places over a breadth of four miles, in other places the In 

 .,-ed to a very narrow strip. From the eastern end of (' 

 Inland the marshes cease ; and about Leigh and Smith. nl the coast 



;.- Ness, a low p" at the 



mniith of the Tli:inn-', >' mil M from the 



he mouth of the river (Vouch. N 

 a narrow creek, with many i 

 uid into the channel of tin 



several low llui selys, 



Haven Gore. land, Potten, Wallaseo, aud Foulness. The 



edge of this creek and its various ramifications, m well as of the 

 Hroomhill and Crouch rivers, whieh unite with it, are embanked, 

 and the islands are embanked all round. From the month of tho 

 Crouch the coast runs nearly north and south 8 miles to the, mouth 



I'.lackwater Hiver. In this i 



upon tie- !.:!!. The manhe* (Burnham ' Marsh, 



Dengey Marh, Tillinr; , extend in 



the southern part ' and, but 1-1 



to the northward ' eh;ipe], wl 



,1 running down to the const; the sand, which in 

 ! >w water, has a breadth of from 2 miles to 24 miles. P., 

 the actuaries of the Blackwater and the Colne, in the inlet formed 



