961 



ETIVE, LOCH. 



ETRURIA. 



903 



built here in the 10th century by the counts of Forez. For some 

 centuries after this last-mentioned period Furania was a small place 

 of no importance. In the troubled reign of Charles VII. the towns- 

 people obtained permission to inclose their town with walls. Ill 

 the civil wars of the 16th century it was taken and plundered. From 

 1585 to 1629 it was three times visited, and all but depopulated, by 

 destructive plagues. 



ETIVE, LOCH, an inland lake in the northern part of Argyleshire, 

 branching off from the Linnhe Loch, and running about 20 miles 

 inland, first in an easterly and afterwards in a north-easterly direction. 

 It varies in breadth from half a mile to two miles. The Awe River 

 falls into it at the village of Bunawe, which is about half way up the 

 lake. On the north side of the loch are the ruins of Ardchattan 

 Priory (near the modern mansion), the scene of a parliament held by 

 Robert Bruce after his victory over the MacDougala of Lorn. The 

 priory dated from the 13th century. Near Connel Ferry, farther 

 down the lake, is a vitrified fort ; and on the southern side of a pro- 

 jecting flat rock at the mouth of the loch, are the ruins of Dunstaffnage 

 Castle, captured by Bruce. It was previously the stronghold of the 

 MacDougals, and since then it has been a royal castle. From this 

 castle the stone in the coronation-chair in Westminster Abbey was 

 removed to Scone Palace, whence it was taken by Edward I. Loch 

 Etive is navigable for small coasting-vessels. Besides the Awe, the 

 Etive River at its south-eastern extremity, and one or two small 

 mountain-streams, fall into the loch. 



ETXA. [^ETSA.] 



ETO >f, Buckinghamshire, a town and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 in the parish of Eton, is situated on the left bank of the river Thames, 

 in 51 -iV N. lat, 36' W. long., distant 42 miles S.S.E. from Buck- 

 ingham, and 22 miles W. by S. from London by road. The Windsor 

 station of the Great Western railway, which is about three-quarters of 

 a mile from Eton, is 21 miles distant from London ; that of the South- 

 western railway is 26 miles from London. The government of the 

 town of Eton is parochial, but without churchwardens. The district 

 is under the management of a Local Board of Health. The population 

 of the pariah in 1851 was 3666, besides 130 in Eton College, which is 

 extra-parochial. The living is a rectory in the peculiar jurisdiction 

 and incumbency of the Provost of Eton College. Eton Poor-Law 

 Union contains 1 9 parishes, chapelries, and hamlets, with an area of 

 41,560 acres, and a population in 1851 of 21,482. 



Eton, though in a different county, forms in effect one town with 

 Windsor. The line of houses is interrupted only by the river Thames, 

 which is crossed by a cast-iron bridge, erected in 1824 by Mr. Hollis. 

 Eton parish church, a chapel of ease to the College Chapel of Eton, 

 formerly the parish church, has been recently erected, in great part 

 by subscription. This church is a handsome building in the early 

 English style ; it was consecrated June 1st, 1854, and advantageously 

 replaces the former brick edifice. The spire forms a very ornamental 

 feature in the general landscape. The building cost about 8000/., of 

 which the Queen and Prince Albert contributed a portion ; part was 

 also contributed by the College authorities, and a considerable amount 

 by old Etonians. The sittings are all free. The town consists chiefly 

 of one long street, which is well paved. The college, and the tenants 

 of the college property, pay for the watching, lighting, and sewerage 

 of the college district. Porny's Charity school is for the education of 

 60 boys and 30 girls. Eton College is the distinguishing feature of 

 Eton, and has rendered the town famous for four centuries. 



ETON COLLEGE was founded and endowed by Henry VI. as the 

 ' College of the Blessed Marie of Eton by Wyndesore.' The foundation 

 charter, which is in good preservation, is dated at Windsor, 12th Sep- 

 tember, 1440! It was confirmed by Act of Parliament at Westminster, 

 May 4th, 1441. The original foundation was a provost, 10 priests, 

 4 clerks, 6 choristers, 25 poor grammar scholars, with a master to 

 teach them, and the like number of poor men. It now consists of a 

 provost, 7 fellows, 2 conducts, 7 clerks, 70 king's scholars, 10 lay- 

 clerks, 10 choristers, and a number of inferior officers and servants. 

 The scholars must be born in England, of parents lawfully married. 

 By the foundation statute, they should be clothed in some coarse 

 uniform, but this is not done ; and their education should be gratis, 

 but a sum of 61. or 11. a year is now charged for their instruction. 

 Practically, however, the children of persons who are really poor do 

 not pay anything ; but generally speaking, there is little difference in 

 the relative situation or comparative opulence of the parents of the 

 oppidians (scholars who are not on the foundation) and the collegers. 

 The foundation scholars are admissible from the age of eight to sixteen, 

 and unless elected at the age of seventeen, and put on the roll for 

 admission to King's College, Cambridge (another foundation of 

 Henry VI.), they are superannuated at eighteen. The scholars who 

 are elected may continue in college till nineteen ; and even at eighteen 

 they may leave the college and continue as oppidians. The annual 

 election to King's College takes place in July or August, after an 

 examination of the upper class by the provosts of Eton College and 

 King's College, Cambridge, the vice-provost of Eton, two fellows of 

 King's College, called ' posers,' and the head master of Eton. The 

 successful candidates are not immediately transferred to Cambridge, 

 but remain at school until a vacancy occurs on the foundation of 

 King's f'ollege. On their removal to Cambridge the Eton scholars 

 are received on the foundation and maintained out of its endowments, 



OEOO. DIV. VOL. II. 



and after three years they succeed to fellowships. On an average 

 four scholars go to Cambridge yearly. There are two scholarships at 

 Merton College, Oxford, for foundation scholars who are not elected 

 for King's College, Cambridge. There are some other exhibitions, 

 amongst which are several for superannuated scholars. In 1829 the 

 Duke of Newcastle founded and endowed three scholarships of the 

 value of 501. each ; and in 1842 Prince Albert instituted an annual 

 prize of 501. for promoting the study of modern languages. Besides 

 the scholars on the foundation, Eton College is attended by about 600 

 scholars called ' oppidians,' many of whom are the sons of persons of 

 rank and fortune, and board with the masters, from whom they receive 

 instruction as stipendiary pupils. The school is divided into an upper 

 and a lower, and each is subdivided into three classes. There are a 

 head master and a lower master, 12 assistant-masters in the upper 

 school, and four in the lower school, and a mathematical master. 

 There are masters for the French, Italian, and German languages, and 

 other branches of education. 



At the dissolution of the monasteries the revenues of Eton College 

 were estimated at 1100Z. In 1506 the total income of the college was 

 652, and the disbursements amounted to 645J. The income of the 

 college from its endowments at present amounts to about 7000/. a 

 year, derived from its reserved rents, corn-rents, sale of woods, and 

 also from manors, by fines and heriots. 



The college buildings form a conspicuous and ornamental object, 

 especially if viewed from the terrace of Windsor Castle. They consist 

 of two quadrangles, btu'lt partly of freestone, but chiefly of brick, in a 

 style somewhat resembling the north front of St. James's Palace. In 

 one quadrangle are the school and the chapel, with lodgings for the 

 foundation scholars ; and in the other are the library, which contains 

 a rich and valuable collection, the provost's house, and the apartments 

 of the fellows. A few years back the college was considerably enlarged. 

 The new school buildings, which have a frontage of 120 feet, form an 

 elegant structure in the Tudor collegiate style. They are devoted to 

 masters' apartments, separate sleeping-rooms for the 49 senior collegers, 

 a boys' library, museum, &c. A sanatorium for the scholars has also 

 been recently erected. The chapel, which is built of stone, is a hand- 

 some structure, though much less elaborate than was intended by the 

 founder. Its length is 175 feet, including au ante-chapel, which is 

 62 feet long. It has receutly been restored with great care and at 

 considerable expense ; and the stalls of the most discordant character, 

 which were erected by Provost Godolphin, have been replaced by 

 elegant gothic canopies. Several modern painted windows contribute 

 to the ornament of the chapel. In the centre of one quadrangle is a 

 bronze statue of Henry VI., and in the chapel is another statue of the 

 same king by Bacon. The extensive playing-grounds on the north- 

 west of the college are ornamented with numerous stately trees. 



(Lipscomb, Buckinghamshire ; Land We Live In, vol. ii. ; Commu- 

 nication! from Eton.) 



ETRU'RIA was the name given by the ancient Romans to one of 

 the principal divisions of Central Italy : it was bounded E. by the 

 Tiber, W. by the Mediterranean, or Tyrrhenian Sea, and N. by the 

 river Macra and the Apennines. By the Romans the inhabitants were 

 called indifferently Tusci and Etrusci, though Tusci appears to be the 

 older form. The Greeks called them Tyrrheni, or Tyrseni (Tvpfavol, 

 Tvpffrimi), and the country Tyrrhenia. The most ancient Roman form, 

 Turscus, has been identified by some modern scholars with the 

 Turseuos of the Greeks. The natives of Etruria, however, called 

 themselves Rasena or Rasenna. 



Respecting the origin of the Etrurians there has been much diver- 

 sity of opinion among modern writers, arising from the conflicting 

 character of the ancient traditions of their migrations, and the state- 

 ments of Greek and Roman writers concerning them, together with 

 the entire absence of any production of an Etruscan poet or annalist. 

 The most commonly received theory is that founded on the tradition 

 preserved by Herodotus, which makes the Etruscans to have been a 

 tribe of Lydians, who, on account of a protracted famine, left their 

 country under Tyrrhenus (or Tyrsenus), the king's son, and settled 

 in this part of Italy, having vanquished its earlier occupants the 

 Umbri or Siculi. They took the name of Tyrrhenians, or Tyrsenians, 

 in honour of their leader. This is the theory accepted by most Greek 

 and Roman writers (see the list of subsequent authorities in Dennis's 

 ' Etruria,' vol. i. p. xxxii.), and also with more or less modification by 

 many recent ones. But this tradition did not meet with universal 

 acceptance even among ancient writers, having been expressly rejected 

 by Dionysius on the ground that Xanthus, a very early Lydian histo- 

 rian, does not mention any such colonisation, though he speaks of 

 others, which render such a one the more improbable; whilst Hellani- 

 cus makes the Tyrrhenians of Etruria to be Pelasgians who had 

 migrated from Thessaly. Dionysius however rejects the Pelasgic 

 origin also, and asserts his belief that the Etrurians were an aboriginal 

 or indigenous race, they being wholly dissimilar in manners, religion, 

 and language from any other people. This opinion has found a hearty 

 supporter in Micali, a recent Tuscan author of considerable reputa- 

 tion, but out of Italy it has met with little acceptance. Niebuhr 

 was the first to show clearly that the Etruscans were in reality a mixed 

 people ; and he conjectures that they were formed probably of two 

 leading races,- the Pelasgi, who occupied chiefly the southern parts of 

 Etruria, and were much the more numerous, but existed mainly iu a 



3<J 



