

RBOB 



EUBfEA. 



(-., 



of various kind* murt bare been produced in marvellous quantitt.-*, 

 innumerable specimen* eren now being diffuixxl through the museums 

 of Kurope. The tueful and ornamental work* in the same mutcriil, 

 and in gold, were also famous; their bronze candelabra and mirror*, 

 and gold crater* and cup*, being eagerly tougfat for by Oreek* a* well 

 a* Roman* ; and, a* with their larger work*, their (kill in then* ii 

 Mealed by many existing specimens of exceeding beauty. 



The work* by which Etruscan art ii commonly mppoied to be 

 characteriaed are the pointed rate* uiually termed Etruscan, which 

 form *o striking a feature in our museum*. They are found in rait 

 number* in the tomb* of Etruria, but they art al*o found in Cam- 

 pania, the couth of Italy, Sicily, and even in Greece ; whence, a* the 

 subjects painted on them are Grecian in deiign, and always belong to 

 the Grecian mythology, and the name* of Greek artists, a* well a* 

 Orak word*, are frequently found on them, it i* evident that they 

 are the work of foreign and probably of Greek artizans. The ouly 

 point on which authorities now differ is, whether the vase* were 

 imported into Etruria or were made by Greek workmen who were 

 rtiled then. Of the great skill of the Etruscans in the manufacture 

 of pottery then i* no question, but the only kinds now assigned to 

 them with any certainty an the red wan of Arretium and the black 

 of Clusium. In the production of statues, bami-rilievi and 

 in terracotta, the Etruscans greatly excelled. Not only 

 their own temple* adorned with terra-cotta work, but even some 

 in Rome received similar decoration*. They were also skilled in 

 working iron and steel ; copper and silver ; in the manufacture of all 

 kind* of weapon*, domestic utensils, Ac., and indeed in all the 

 ordinary handicraft*. They wen likewise noted for their superiority 

 a* agriculturists ; and they understood what ha* been termed agricul- 

 tural engineering, being celebrated for the practice of filling up 

 marshes by diverting into them the course of muddy streams, an art 

 still practised with success in Tuscany under the name of ' colmate.' 

 The invention of the termini, or stone* fixing the limits of property, 

 i* attributed to them. From the Etruscan* the Romans derived their 

 method of dividing the months by Ides, Nones, Ac., their system of 

 numerals, and also their divisions of weights and measures. 



(Micali, Anticki fopoli Italiani, and Monummti InedUi; Dempster, 

 DC ttruria Rtgali, with the continuation by Paseeri; Ingbirnmi, 

 tionumenli Stnuthi ; Abeken, Millet ItalUn ; Lepsius, Tyrrhenitchc 

 PeUugtr in Etrvrien ; Steub, t'rbevokncr Rkdlieru ; Gerhard, Bunsen, 

 Ac., in the Annali of the Institute di Corrispondcnza Archcologica, at 

 Rome; M tiller, Etnukcr; Dennis, Cilia and Cemtterict of Etruria.) 



ETSCH. rADior] 



ETSHMIADZIN (Echmiadzin) i* an Armenian convent in Russian 

 Georgia, situated about three hours distance (15 miles) west from 

 Erivan, in the plain which separates the mountain masses of Ali-Gheez 

 and Ararat, and in that part of it that lies between the Zenghi and 

 the Kbarsakb, feeder* of the Araxes. The convent is of great extent, 

 and surrounded by a wall mon than thirty feet high. The circuit of 

 the wall is stated to exceed two vents, or nearly one mile and a half. 

 This convent has for many centuries been the seat of the Armenian 

 patriarch called Catholicos. Within the inclosuro an several distinct 

 churches, each surrounded by a high wall flanked with round towers. 

 All these churches an rudely built, cruciform, and surmounted each by 

 a sort of cupola that rises from the centre of the roof and is crowned by 

 a low spin. The masonry of all the buildings and walls is very solid, 

 the material a deep red-sandstone. Fronting the principal gate of the 

 cathedral arc the apartments of the Catholicos and the other bishops 

 (for each church has its bishop). The cells of the monks are along 

 one side of the cathedral-square, and the refectory a long vaulted 

 chamber with tables and benches made of massive blocks of stone 

 on the other. Outside the cathedral, near the door, is a white marble 

 monument to Sir John Hacdonald, the English minister, who died 

 some year* ago at Tabriz. Among the other structures may be men- 

 tioned the Synodal Hall, a long room hung round with portraits of 

 the old Armenian kings. The Catholicos preside* over the synod, but 

 the emperor appoint* a moderator, without whose concurrence nothing 

 can be decreed a condition which render* the Czar virtually head of 

 the Armenian church. The convent contains a library, in which are 

 OSS manuscript* ; of these 462 an in the Armenian language, and the 

 remainder in fonign language*. A catalogue of the library was 

 published af St. Petersburg in 1840. 



(Ouseley ; Ker Porter; WUbrahaiu, Travelt in the Traiu-Caucatian 

 Prorincti of Aurio.) 



EU, a town in France in the department of Seine-Infc'ricure, the 

 eat of a tribunal of commerce and of a college, is situated on the left 

 bank and near the mouth of the little river Bresle, midway between 

 Abbeville and Dieppe, 1 mile* N.N.W. frota Paris, and has about 



XI inhabitant*, including the whole commune. In the middle age* 

 Eu became a strong and flourishing place ; but on the threat of a 

 descent by the English it wa* burnt in 1475 by order of Louis XI 

 and has never recovered. Only the church and a few houses that 

 wen overlooked escaped the general destruction. The massive ruins 

 of the walls and towers yet remain. 



Eu ha* several churches : the finest, that of Xotn-Dame, is a large 

 and beautiful gotbic structure, lighted through magnificent pnintcd 

 window*. The crypt contain* the monument* of the counts of Ku, of 

 the bouM of Artois. The college church contain* the monuments of 



the Duke of Guise, murdered at Blois in 1588, and his wife, Catherine 

 of Cleve*. Both of these churches are classed among the historical 

 monuments of France. Then is an hospital attended by Sister* of 

 Charity. The market-place is good. La Chaussce d'Eu is a suburb 

 of Eu on the opposite bank of the Bresle. Tre'port, at the mouth of 

 the river, is the port of Eu. [SEiXE-IxrfeniECKK.] The manufactures 

 of Eu are linseed-oil, soap, lock* and other ironmongery, leather, 

 cotton and woollen yarn, glass, sail-cloth, linen, and lace. Eu trades 

 also in corn, hemp, flax, wool, and timber. The product* both indus- 

 trial and agricultural of the neighbourhood of Eu find an outlet at 

 Trc'port, whence they an conveyed m small coasters chiefly to the 

 several town* along the Somme and the Lower Seine. The specie* of 

 timber exported an oak and beech, which are used for ship-building, 

 for making staves, Ac. 



The territory of Eu was given, with the title of count, by Richard I., 

 duke of Normandy, in 996 to hi* natural son Geoffrey, whose family 

 held it till 1227. The county next came to the house of De Brinme, 

 in which it remained till 1350, when on the death of Raoul de Briennc 

 it was given to the house of Artois. The house of Cleves afterwards 

 inherited it, and in their favour the county was erected into a duchy 

 in 1539. In 1570 Catherine of Cleves brought the duchy of Eu into 

 the house of Guise by her marriage with Henri of Guise (Le Balafrc 1 ), 

 who was murdered at the parliament of Blois. On the death of hi* 

 mother in 1638 Charles of Lorraine took possession of the duchy, and 

 hi* son Henri sold it for 2,500,000 francs to Mademoiselle de Mont- 

 pensier, who made a present of it to the Duke of Maine, the natural 

 son of Louis XIV., in order to obtain the liberty of Lauzun. On the 

 death of the heirs of the Duke of Maine their inheritance fell to the 

 Duke of Penthievre, whose daughter and heiress brought the county 

 of Eu into the family of Orleans by her marriage with the late King 

 Louis Philippe'* father. 



The chateau of Eu, which stands in a splendid park traversed by 

 avenues of noble beech-trees, and commands fine view* of the valley 

 of the Bresle and the sen, occupies the site of a fortress built here by 

 Rollo. In the beginning of the llth century Guillaume d'Exmes 

 added to the fortress a castellated residence for his family, and close 

 to it erected the abbey and collegiate church of Eu. In 1019 the 

 castle was taken and plundered by William the Conqueror, who gave 

 it to Robert Guiscard, who enlarged and improved it ; and here soon 

 after the marriage of William with Maude of Flanders was celebrated. 

 This castle was entirely destroyed when the order of Louis XL, above 

 alluded to, was executed in 1475. The present chateau was com- 

 menced by the Duke of Guise (Le Balafre) in 1581. Mademoiselle de 

 Montpensier, whose shade seems still to hover about the spot, inclosed 

 the park with walls, planted the trees which now form such noble 

 alleys, and built a small chateau which was destroyed under Napo- 

 leon I. The Duke of Peuthievre repaired and furnished the chateau. 

 By a decree of the revolutionary government, dated Oct. 4, 17U3, the 

 chateau, then in possession of Louis Philippe's mother, was seques- 

 trated, the furniture sold by auction, and the building converted into 

 a military hospital The events of 1814 restored the property to the 

 Duchess-dowager of Orleans, and her son Louis Philippe comm 

 the restoration of the chateau in 1821, and frequently resided in it in 

 summer after his accession to the throne : here he was visited by the 

 Queen of England in 1843. The apartments contain the most com- 

 plete collection of historical portraits in Europe. When the impotent 

 endeavours of wrangling democrats to govern France were put an end 

 to by Louis Napoleon assuming despotic power, Dec. 2, 1852, one of 

 the first acts of the new government was to compel the sale of the 

 Orleans property ; but we are unable to say who is now the possessor 

 of the chateau of Ku. 



EUBCEA (E(>/3oia), until lately called Negropont, is an island of the 

 Mediterranean, lying along the coasts of Attica and Boootia, from 

 which it is separated by the Euripus, a very narrow channel, over which 

 a bridge has been thrown, connecting the island with the mainland. 

 Eubosa is 90 miles in length in a north-west direction, and 30 miles 

 in extreme breadth ; but in one part, between Aliveri Bay and Port 

 Petries, it is scarcely 4 miles across from shore to shore. The popu- 

 lation in 1851 was 65,066. 



The island generally is elevated, and contains among its mountains 

 some of the highest in this part of Europe. Mount Delphi rises on 

 the eastern shore to the height of 7266 feet above the sea, and its 

 summit is scarcely ever free from snow ; Elias of Karystos, at the 

 southern extremity, is 4748 feet high; Mount Khandhili, 4200 feet, 

 and Telethrius, 3100 feet, ore both on the western shore north of 

 Kgripos. The general formation of these mountains is gray-limestone, 

 with much clay-elate. The small peninsula to the north-west, which 

 terminates in Cape Lithado, is mountainous, and contains one eleva- 

 tion, Mount Lithodo, which rises to the height of 2837 feet above the 

 sea, A little south of the point where this peninsula joins the mas* 

 of the island, and on the west coast opposite to Bocotia, is Mount 

 Telethrius, with some hot springs near it* base. From Telethrius the 

 mountains spread out north-east to Cape Amoni, the most north- 

 eastern point of the island, and eastward to the coast, filling the 

 northern part of the island, and containing several elevations above 

 2000 feet. Along the northern const of the island, opposite t 

 saly, and stretching at the base of tlii- mountain group, i the frrt.il- 

 and cxUnsive plain of Uutiaea, .South of Telethrius there is high 



