tn 



RIVER. 



BUB& 



th* two states u on* of the oldest wen on record among the Greek*. 

 The town* continued still to flourish under the government of their 

 HippoboUc, or wealthier citixena, until they joined with Cleomcun 

 in hw invasion of Attica, which followed the expulsion of the PUUtra- 

 tid**, in oounquenoe of which, after the Athenian* had repulsed 

 Cleomcnes, they invaded Eubcoa, about 506 B.C., defeated the Bowtians, 

 who had come to the sssi stance of Chalcia ; and having taken the 

 latter city, they punished it severely, put many of the citueos in 

 fetters, until they ransomed themselves, confiscated all the property 

 of the HippoboUc, and gave their lands to Athenian colonist*, whom 

 they sent orer to the Uland to the number of 4000. (Herodotus, 

 T. 77.) Euboja now became in great measure a dependency of 

 Athens; although the Athenian supremacy was at times disputed by 

 the Tbebana. The Eubceant, with the Athenians, sent assistance to 

 the Ionian* of Asia in their war against Darius Hystaspes ; and their 

 troop* were among those which burnt Sardee (B.C. 499). The first 

 invasion of Greece was the consequence of that expedition. The 

 Satraps, Datis and Artaphernea, landed in Eubooa with an immense 

 force, completely destroyed Eretria, and eant it* inhabitant* as slave* 

 into Asia. A general revolt of Eutxna against Athena broke out in 

 B.C. 416, but Pericles with 5000 regular troop* marched into the 

 island, and recovered poeseaaion of it ; reducing the towns of Eubcoa 

 to the condition of tributaries to Athena. This Uland waa of great 

 importance to the Athenians ; it furnished them with corn, supplied 

 them with horses, and was considered of more value to them than all 

 their other colonies put together. During the Peloponnesian war, 

 after the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily, another general revolt of 

 Eubooa took place, and the island placed itself under the protection 

 of Lacedxmon, but afterwards returned to the Athenian allegiance, 

 when Athens had recovered its independence ; and from that time its 

 four principal towns, Chalcis, Eretria (which had been rebuilt near the 

 site of the old town destroyed by the Persians), Carystus, and Oreus, 

 possessed a kind of municipal independence under the supremacy of 

 Athens. The Euboeans however joined the THeban league against the 

 Spartans, and fought under Epaminondas. In the general prostration 

 into which the principal states of Greece fell after the death of Epami- 

 nondas, Eubcca seems to have been left in great measure to itself. Its 

 principal towns came under the rule of chiefs, or tyrants, as they 

 were called, without any interference on the part of the Athenians. 

 About B.C. 350 Callias and Taurostheneg, sons of the late tyrant 

 Mneaarchus, who were ruling in Chalcis, made overtures to Philip of 

 Macedon, in order to have his assistance in subduing the rest of the 

 island, an opportunity which was eagerly seized by Philip. Plutarch, 

 who waa at the same time tyrant of Eretria, applied to the Athenians 

 to check Philip's interference. The Athenians sent an expedition 

 under Phocian, who defeated the Chaloidians after hard fighting ; but 

 this led to no favourable result, as Callias remained in possession of 

 Chalcis, and the Macedonian influence waa established over the island. 

 When the Romans began to extend their influence to Greece, Chalcis 

 and the other towns of Eubcea contracted alliance with Rome, and 

 they remained steadfast to that alliance during the -Etolian war. 

 (Livy. xxxv, 87, 89.) Chalcis afterwards submitted to Antiochus. 

 ( Livy, xxxv. 50, 5 1 .) In the Achaean war, after the defeat at Corinth, 

 Chalcis was taken and destroyed by the Romans, and the inland was 

 included in the province of Acham. It then gradually declined in 

 population and importance ; and Pauaanias and Dion speak of it* 

 fallen state under the emperors. 



In the middle ages Euboea was called Egripo, a corruption of Euripus. 

 On the dismemberment of the eastern empire by the Latins the Vene- 

 tian* obtained posaeasion of Euboea, which they called Negropont, pro- 

 bably a corruption of Egripo, and ' ponte,' moaning the bridge which 

 united it to the mainland. The Venetians lost the island in 1470, when 

 the Turks took the capital, Negropont, and massacred all the inhabit- 

 ant*. The Venetian doge and general Morosini blockaded it in 1688, 

 but after a murderous siege he was obliged to re-embark with great 

 loss. The people of Eubuea took part in the general rising of the 

 Greek* against the Turks, and the Uland now form* part of the kingdom 

 of Greece ; here as in the other part* of the kingdom the 

 name* have been restored. 



Coin of Babe**. 

 Actual !. surer. Welffct, t\{, grains. 



F.ri..Kl's, KIVER. [BAGHDAD.] 



EUPEN, a town in RhenUh Prussia, In the government of Aachen, 

 i situated in a fertile valley at the foot of the Eifel, 12 mile* 8. 

 from Aix-U-ChapeUe, near the Belgian frontier, and ha* about 11.000 

 inhabitants. The town is well-built, and extend* over a considerable 

 rarfaee, a* it include* several garden* and meadows. It contains four 

 churches, a ctutom-honae, an orphan asylum, and several large woollen 

 factorial which turn oat large quantities of broadcloth and kcncy- 



A district court for the circle of Eupen and a court of petty 

 sessions are held in the town. In the region of the Eifel between 

 Eupen and Maimed y U a Roman bridge. When the French extended 

 their frontier to th* Rhine, Eupen was one of the towns in the <l 

 ment of Ourthe, and was then named .Yean. The circle of Eupen is, 

 though wooded and mountainous, full of fine pasture*. It contain* 

 68 square mil**, and produce* timber, grain, vegetable*, flax, Ac. ; 

 Urge quantities of cheese are made. Iron, calauiiue, and potters'- 

 day are among it* mineral product*. 



EUPHUATKS. [TiuBts.] 



EUHK, Rl VER. [Kuai, Department of.] 



EURE, a department in the north of France, comprehending a 

 portion of the old province of Normandie, U bounded N. by the 

 department of Seine-Infdrienra, K by the departments of OUe and 

 Swn*-et-Oise, from both of which it U in part separated by the river 

 Epte, a feeder of the Seine, S. by the department* of Eure-et-Loir 

 and Orne, and W. by Calvados. The department lie* between 48* 39' 

 and 49 29' N. lat, 20' and 1" 47' E. long. It* greatest length 

 from east to west U 65 miles, from north to south 60 miles. The 

 area of the department according to the cadastral returns of 1851 

 (which differ considerably from those that accompanied the censu* 

 of 1846) U 2689-48 square mile*. The population in 1851 was 41 

 or 150'SS to the square mile, being 23'83 below the average per square 

 mile for the whole of France. The population was less by 10,000, 

 and the area given 440 square mile* more in 1851 than in 1841. 



Surface, <tc. The department pre*enU a varied succession of well- 

 cultivated fields, farms inclosed with hedge-rows, large forests, hills 

 of moderate elevation, rivers, bustling manufacturing towns, ancient 

 castles, a few marshes in the south-west, and a small extent of coast 

 along the embouchure of the Seine. The surface on the whole U 

 level ; the highest elevations, Mont-Rdti near Pont-Audemer and the 

 rocky promontory of Quillebaeuf, are not more than 300 feet above 

 the sea-level. The department belongs almost entirely to the basin 

 of the Seine, which river crosses it from south-east to north-north' 

 west, and divides it into two unequal portions. The Seine alto 

 touches the east of the department at two or three point* between 

 Elbeuf and it* embouchure. On the right bank of the Seine, and 

 between the Audelle and the Epte, lies the richly-cultivated territory 

 of the Norman IV-n'n, and the forest of Lions, which extends also 

 into the department of Seine-Iuferieure. In the centra of this forest 

 Henry I. of England built the castle of St-Denis in which he died. 

 On the left bank of the Seine there U a series of five plains, which in 

 moat instances consist of a dry soil, and have no watercourse* except 

 the rivers that bound them. 1. Between the Seine and the Euro U 

 a narrow well-wooded plain, which also extends into the department 

 of Seine-et-OUe. 2. The district between the Euro and the Iton 

 consists of the plain of St-Andrd and the Terres-Francaues, a portion 

 of the ancient territory of Peroho, of which Verneuil was the capital. 

 3. The Iton, the 'Eure, and the Rille inclose a third plateau, the 

 north part of which comprises the old territory of Bmmunt, and U 

 separated from the plain of Neubourg (on the south) by a series of 

 depressions or valleys that run east and west between Moutfort and 

 Elbeuf. 4. Between the Rille and its feeder the Charentonne lies a 

 fourth plain, which forms part of the district formerly called Oitche. 

 The Charentonne, the Rille, and the Toucque inclose the fertile plain 

 of Lieuvin, the eastern part of which U iu this deportment, ainl tUu 

 western part in that of CALVADOS. 



Hydrography. The department takes its name from the Eure, the 

 ancient Autnra, which, rising in the department of Onie, runs from 

 north-west to south-east into the centre of the department of Kure- 

 et-Loir, whence turning north-east it passe* Chartres and Maintenon. 

 From thu hut town it runs nearly due north till it reaches the 

 boundary of the department of Eure, along which it runs for a few 

 miles in a north-east direction, and again turning north it passes Pacy 

 and Louviera, and enters the Seine on the left bank near Pont-de- 

 1'Arche, after a course of 93 mile*. ThU river was formerly navi- 

 gated from Chartrea to the Seine, but only that portion of it which U 

 within thu department is now navigable. The objects of transport 

 along the Euro are salt, timber, and fuel-wood. It* principal feeder* 

 are the Vetgrt, which joins it on the right bank near Ivry ; the 

 lilauc, which joins it on the left bank below Dreux ; the Am or 

 .1 iirr, which flows from the department of Orne along the confine* 

 of Kure and Kurort-Loir, and enters the Eure at the point where 

 that river becomes navigable ; and the Iton, which rising in the east 

 of the department of Orne, near the monastery of La-Trappo, flows 

 north-east into the department of Eure, passing Broteuil and Damville ; 

 below this hut-named town it lias an underground course for ! mile*, 

 but reappears through numerous springs near Conches, and pawing 

 Evreux, enters the Eure at Planches, after a course of 72 miles. 

 The other rivers are the Kille, which rising in Orne, flows iu a 

 northern direction through thu department, passes Beaumont, Brionne, 

 and Pont-Audemer, from which to its entrance into the Seine it U 

 navigable for huge barge* : the Epte, which rises in Seine-Inferieure, 

 flows in a southerly direction along the eastern boundary of the 

 department, and joins the Seine on the right bank a little above 

 Vernon : and the AniidU, which rises near the source of the Kpt<>, 

 and flowing south-west enter* th* Seine on the right bank nearly 

 opposite Pont-de-1'Arche. On the two last-mentioned streams are 



