1011 



FINLAND. 



FIKENZE. 



MM 



plentiful, and chalk abound* in torn* places. The want of alt U 

 severely felt 



Population. The majority of the population U of Finnish extrac- 

 tion. The Fan call themselves 'Suomalana' or ' Simmon,' but they 

 are denominated ' Tachudei' by the KUNUUU. They are divided into 

 two branches, the TavasU, who inhabit the south-west of Finland ; 

 and the Karelian*, who dwell in the north-eastern part They aro 

 alow, grave, and self-willed, but peaceable, brave, and hospitable, 

 temperate and industrious : their complexion is dark, their counte- 

 nance and manner are serious, and they are of robust make. They 

 are all free, and many of them are landholders. The Baltic Fins are 

 distinguished for their trading propensities, and the seamen are by far 

 the best among all the subjects of Russia, The dwellings of the 

 peasantry are built of wood, and are low, dark, and unclean. The 

 Laplander is of the same extraction as the Finlander, and calls 

 himself a 'Sameladc,' or 'Same.' They resemble the Finlandera in all 

 respects except that the upper jaw projects more, and their hair U of 

 a deeper tint There are about 1000 of them in this government; 

 they lead a wandering life, and are divided into two classes, the rein- 

 deer Laplanders mid the fishing Laplanders. From 7000 to 8000 

 Russians have settled in the districts of Wilborg and Koxholm, espe- 

 cially in the trading towns. Aland, the coast of Nyland, the south 

 of Wiua Ian, and the adjacent islands are inhabited by about 125,000 

 Swedes. 



Education. Of the inhabitants about 1,500,000 profess to be 

 Lutherans, who are under the Archbishop of Abo. The rest of the 

 population belong chiefly to the Greek Church. Finland U divided 

 into two dioceses, Abo and Borgo. The followers of the Greek 

 ritual are under the archimandrite of St Petersburg. The official 

 language of the country is Swedish. The university of Abo was 

 transferred to Helaingfors in 1828 by the emperor Nicholas, and is 

 styled the Alexander University. There are also five academies and 

 twelve superior elementary schools. The emperor has done a great 

 deal for public education in Finland, and has especially promoted the 

 knowledge of Finnish which had been neglected by Sweden. A professor 

 of the Finnish language was appointed to the university in 1850. 

 There are inferior schools in the majority of the parishes. 



Agriculture, the breeding of cattle, and in some parts the fisheries, 

 constitute the principal occupations of the people. There are few 

 manufactures, although the Russian government gives very liberal 

 support to enterprise of this kind in Finland. The cotton-mills and 

 glass manufacture* are the most important In 1851, 148 factories 

 employed 3364 persons, and gave a gross revenue of 1,295,621 silver 

 rubles. In the larger towns, iron-ware, sail-cloth, and stockings are 

 made. The peasantry make what coarse woollen and linen they 

 require under their own roofs ; they also prepare tar, potash, and 

 charcoal, make articles of wood for their own use and for exportation, 

 and in some of the ports vessels are constructed. 



Navigation is much impeded by the severity of the winter, which 

 abuts the harbours from six to seven months in the year. The 

 internal trade, which is unimportant, is facilitated by the Saima Canal, 

 completed in 1844. The foreign trade U considerable, the exports 

 consisting of planks, potash, tar, cattle, butter, meat, hides, tallow, 

 and fish, amounting in value to 3,000,000 silver rubles annually ; and 

 the import! salt, colonial produce, cotton, and woollen stuffs to 

 bout the same amount In 1852, 467 vessels of 107,000 tons were 

 engaged in the export trade. The coasting-trade was carried on by 

 BOO small vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 50,000. The exports 

 are sent chiefly to St. Petersburg, Sweden, and England. 



Government, Ac. There is a distinct secretary of state at St Peters- 

 burg for the government of this vast province. The governor- 

 general and imperial senate reside at Helsingfors, the new capital, 

 and are at the head of the administration. Each Ian has its 

 governor. Three high courts of law are held in Abo, Wasa, and 

 Wiborg. Though Finland has a constitution of its own, by which 

 the inhabitants are classed in four orders, nobles, clergy, burghers, 

 and peasantry the land-dags, or diets, have not been convoked since 

 1812. The senate in fact has superseded them. The Russian revenue 

 from the government is estimated at only about 60,0002. sterling 



;. .: 



Before its annexation to Russia in 1808 Finland was subject to 

 Sweden for about six centuries. The Russians have accorded every 

 sort of favour to the Finns, and treated the Swedish element of the 

 population with great severity. Amongst the Finns themselves there 

 is a umall party, including some influential men, who desire a reunion 

 with Sweden ; a second party, belonging to the nobility and including 

 the higher class of public functionaries, but not very numerous or 

 powerful, are attached to Russia; whilst a third party, including the 

 Urge majority of the race, desire to have Finland for the Finns, and 

 to form a nation independent of both Sweden and Russia, towards 

 both of which however they are said to be animated by fri. -ii.lly 

 fralings. A strict censorship of the press is exerted against foreign 

 and especially Swedish books. The national literature is treated in a 

 more liberal npirit 



Tomu. The Ian of 'Wiborg, has the town of the same name for 

 Hs capital, which was the ancient capital of Carolia : it stands on a 

 bay of the Gulf of Finland, is well fortified, and ha* about 3000 

 Inhabitant*, exclusive of a large garrison. [WiBORo.] In this circle is 



Prrdenlakamm, on a peninsula on the Bay of Finland, a strong 

 fint Hiss, containing about 1400 inhabitants: it was here that the 

 treaty of September 1809 was concluded, by which Sweden made 

 over Finland with part of Lapland and the Aland Islands to Russia. 



The Ian of St. Michel, which is north-west of the preceding, contains 

 St. MicJtd, a small town, and KytloU, another small town with a 

 strong castle. 



In Nyland liin, west of Wiborg, U Utltmgfort (60 9' 42" N. lat, 

 24 57' SO' E. long.) the capital, on a tongue of land in the Gulf of 

 Finland, with about 16,000 inhabitant*, and the strong fortress of 

 Sv<aborg, at the entrance of the harbour. [HuaiNoroBS.] East of 

 Helsingfors lies Borgo, a small episcopal town on the river of the 

 same name, with a cathedral, a church, gymnasium, manufactures of 

 linen, sailcloth, refined sugar, and tobacco, and about 3000 inhabit- 

 ants. West of Helsingfors is Ekntit, or Ekenei, a small fortified sea-port 

 town of about 2000 inhabitants, situated on the cant shore and near 

 the head of an inlet of the Gulf of Finland. To the west of Kkn.n 

 lies the peninsula of Hango-Udd at the extreme point of which is the 

 fortress of Guatafsvorn, lately destroyed by the fleet of Sir Charles 

 Napier. Lovita, north-east of Borgo, is a very pretty sea-port, with 

 two churches, and about 3600 inhabitants. 



The Ian of Tavastehus, north of Nyland, has for its capital ? 

 tehut, lying on a lake, with a strong castle, a church, and about 2000 

 inhabitants. 



Abo, the westernmost Ian of Finland, includes the islands of Aland 

 in the Gulf of Bothnia [ALAND] ; it* capital is Abo, on the south- 

 western coast of Finland. [Aiio.] In this circle are also liujrncborg, 

 near the mouth of the Kumoyoki, a maritime town of about 4600 

 inhabitants, well built, with a church, grammar school, boat-building 

 yards, and some trade. Raumo, a town with 1700 inhabitants ; and 

 A'ytlad, a sea-port of about 2000 inhabitants, where the treaty by 

 which Sweden relinquished the lialtic provinces and part of Finland 

 to Russia in August 1721 was concluded. 



North of this Ian is that of Waso, on the Gulf of Bothnia. Its 

 capital is Waia, on the Gulf of Bothnia, a regularly built town, with 

 a handsome stone church, a school, au infirmary, and 4 000 inhabitants. 

 South of Wasa lies ChristiuiiBtadt, a good sea-port on a peninsula, 

 with a church, and about 1200 inhabitant*. 



Kuopio liin lies east of the preceding, and contains the town of 

 Kvapio on a promontory of Lake Kallavesi, with a church, school, 

 well-frequented fairs, and about 1500 inhabitants. 



The Inn of Uleaborg, in the most northern port of the principality, 

 contains L'teabory, its capital, on the Ulea, a well-built town, with a 

 town-hall, two market-places, a church, hospital, and a population of 

 about 4500, who carry on some trade : liraliatad, a sea-port, with 

 a church, and about 1200 inhabitants : Padtujarmz-Kovuoma, an inland 

 town of about 1500 inhabitants : Kemi, a sea-port : and Tonira, on 

 the river of that name at the northern extremity of the Gulf of 

 Bothnia, a neat town, with two churches, one on an island, and about 

 700 inhabitants; this place is the centre of the Lapland trade in 

 deals, salt fish, reindeer-skins, butter, &c. Steamers ply from Abo 

 and Helsingfors along the coast towns and to St. Petersburg and 

 Stockholm. The principal road is one that runs along the coast from 

 Abo through Helsingfors, Borgo, Lowisa, Fredericksnamm to Wiborg, 

 and thence to St Petersburg ; but except the section between U i- 

 borg and St. Petersburg no public conveyance runs along it Another 

 road runs northward from Abo along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia 

 to Tornea. Travelling is effected along these roads by posting for 

 the most part in carriages without springs. 



FINLAND, GULF OF. [BALTIC SKA.] 



F1XMAKK. [NORWAY.] 



FIHKS/.K, one of the five provinces into which Tuscany is divided, 

 is bounded N. by the duchy of Modena and the Papal province of 

 Bologna, N.E. by the Papal province of Ravenna, E. by the Tuscan 

 province of Arczzo, S. by that of Siena, and W. by that of Pisa and 

 by the duchy of Lucca. Its greatest length from east to west is about 

 70 miles, and its breadth about 60 miles; its area U 2252 square 

 miles, nnd its population in 1852 was 700,015. The surface of the 

 country is in great measure mountainous, being intersected from 

 north-west to south-east by the central Apcnnine range. That part 

 of the province which lies on the north slope of the Apennines is 

 called Romagna Granducale, and consists of highlands and narrow 

 valleys, which form the upper basins of numerous rivers that flow 

 towards the Adriatic. The greater and by far the finest part of the 

 province of Firenze lies south or rather south-west of the Apcnnine 

 chain, and consist* of the great valley of the Arao, which crosses it 

 from east to west, and of numerous lateral valleys which follow the 

 course of the rivers that flow into the Arno. The principal of these 

 valleys on the left bank of the Arno are the Val di Grave, below 

 Florence ; Val di Pesa ; Val d'Elsa ; Val d'Era, on the borders of the 

 province of Pisa : on the right bank of the Arno aro the Val di 

 Sieve, called also Mugello, north of Florence ; Val di liisenzio, or of 

 Prato ; Val d'Ombrone, or of Pistoja ; and Val di Nievole. To the 

 north-west, near the borders of Lucca, the Firenze territory includes 

 part of the Val di Lima, which belongs to the basin of the Serchio ; 

 and at its southern extremity it extends over part of the va 

 the Cecilia, a river that flows into the Mediterranean through the 

 Maremma of Pisa, The valleys produce corn, wine, oil, silk, and 



