1053 



FORFARSHIRE. 



FORLl. 



1054 



p 

 3 



According to the ' Census of Religious Worship and Education,' taken 

 in 1851, it appears that, so far as could be ascertained, there were 

 then in the county 187 places of worship, of which 67 belouged to 

 the Established Church, 51 to the Free Church, 23 to the United 

 Presbyterian Church, 10 to the Independents, 8 to Episcopalians, 6 to 

 Original Seceders, 5 to Roman Catholics, 5 to Methodists, 4 to Baptists, 

 and 8 to other bodies. Of 1 70 of these places of worship, the number of 

 sittings is stated at 92,931. The number of day schools returned was 

 303, namely 181 public schools, with 15,961 scholars, and 122 

 rivate schools, with 6159 scholars. Of evening schools for adults, 

 5 were stated to be attended by 673 males and 657 females. The 

 number of Sabbath schools returned was 230, with 18,158 scholars, 

 of which 84 schools belonged to the Free Church, 63 to the Established 

 Church, and 29 to the United Presbyterian Church. Returns were 

 obtained from 5 literary and scientific institutions in the county, of 

 which 4 had an aggregate membership of 970. With these institutions 

 were connected 5 libraries, containing an aggregate of 5311 volumes. 



The county town is FOKFAK. The most important town in the 

 county is however DUNDEE, and after it is MOXTROSE. ARBROATH 

 anciently Aberbrothwick, BRECBIN, ALYTH, and CUPAB ANGUS, are 

 described under their respective titles. The place next in import- 

 ance is Kirriemuir, an ancient burgh of regality and market-town in 

 the parish of Kirriemnir, situated 5 miles N.W. from Forfar, on the 

 edge of a mountain glen overlooking the valley of Strathmore : the 

 population of the town in 1851 was 3518. It consists of several 

 irregular but handsome streets, and has an elegant church, an epis- 

 copal chapel, a town-hall, and other public buildings. Its market is 

 well attended. Coarse canvass and various kinds of brown linen are 

 manufactured. Many plash-mills, in addition to corn-mills, have been 

 established on a rivulet called the Oaire, which flows near the town. 

 There are several schools, two of which are well endowed ; libraries, 

 reading-rooms, and a savings bank. 



In addition to the villages of Auchmithie, Droughty Ferry, 

 Carnoustie, East and West Haven, Ferryden, and Usan, referred 

 to in our notice of the coast-line, the following may be mentioned : 

 EdzeM, population of the parish 1084, has a handsome reading-room, 

 and there are spinning-mills in the parish. Friockheim, in Kirkden 

 parish, population of the parish 1763, is mostly inhabited by weavers. 

 It has sprung up from the extension of the linen manufacture. The 

 railway to Aberdeen here leaves the Arbroath and Forfar line. 

 Glammii, about 12 miles N. from Dundee, population of the parish 

 2152, consists of an old and a new town. Osnaburgs and sheetings 

 are largely manufactured. There are a library, two friendly societies, 

 and two schools, besides the parochial school. Glarnmis Castle is 

 noticed below. Letham, in Dunnichen parish, population of the parish 

 1884, is inhabited chiefly by weavers. The village is finely situated 

 on an elevation commanding an extensive prospect. Newtyle, popu- 

 lation of the parish 1141. The village has risen from the construction 

 of the Dundee and Newtyle railway, which here joins the Scottish 

 Midland line. 



History, Antiquities, &c. The history of this county is treated of 

 under the different towns, there being no events of general importance 

 of which it was the theatre. Brechin is believed to have been a seat 

 of the Culdees. It was afterwards an important bishopric, f BRECHIN.] 

 The Abbacy of Aberbrothwick, or ARBROATH, the Priory of Restennet, 

 [FoRFAn], and the monastic church of Dundee have been elsewhere 

 noticed. Many smaller monasteries stood in various other parts of 

 the county. 



Of the ancient vitrified forts, which occur at regular intervals 

 along the heights of the northern parts of Scotland, there are three 

 principal remains in this county. The fort called the Castle of 

 Finhaven, ia on Finhaven Hill, 1500 feet above the surrounding 

 country. It is quadrangular, 476 feet by 83 feet and 125 feet, and 

 constructed on the edge of an elevated and precipitous rock. The 

 remains of another of these forts is on the summit of a mount in 

 Drumsturdy Muir. The third is on the top of the Law of Dundee, 

 a remarkably high conical hill on the north of Dundee town. Of hill 

 forts there are many in this county. The most important is on the 

 summit of a steep hill in the parish of Menmuir, north-west of 

 Brechin ; the area within the walls, which are of great thickness, is 

 oval, 134 yards by 60 yards. On a hilf to the east, separated from 

 this only by a deep ravine, is another of these forts, formed entirely 

 of earth. Two miles south-west of Glammis, on the Sidlaw Hills, is 

 one of a semicircular form, with a wall 335 feet in circuit, 27 feet 

 high, and 30 feet in thickness. On the hills of Dumbarrow, Caer- 

 buddo, and several others, the remains of similar forts are to be 

 traced. There are remains of several extensive Roman camps, which 

 seem to have formed a chain of military positions in a line from the 

 south-west to the north-east sides of the county, including the towns 

 of Forfar and Brechin. The encampment at Harefaulds, north of 

 Caerbuddo, traces of the inner and outer works of which remain, 

 might contain 60,000 men. Similar camps occur in the parishes of 

 Forfar, Brechin, and Oathlaw. Many curious specimens of early 

 antiquities have been discovered in this county, as stone coffins and 

 urns in sepulchral cairns, battle-axes and other weapons, sculptured 

 stones, coins, &c. On some of the uncultivated Grampian moors are 

 vestiges ot the ancient Caledonian dwellings, consisting of large slab 

 stones placed together in a circle without cement. 



Of baronial castles there are several magnificent specimens. At 

 Broughty, near Dundee, are the remains of a noble castle, consisting 

 of several massive towers and walls, standing on a rock which juts 

 into the water of the Frith. On the shore of Lunau Bay are a square 

 tower and other remains of Red Castle, so called from being built of 

 red sandstone. Edzel Castle, the Castle of Invermark, Kelly Castle, 

 the Castle of Affleck, and several others, present similar remains. 

 There are numerous vestiges of less important baronial structures. 

 Glammis Castle, the residence of the earls of Strathmore, is a 

 venerable castellated mansion, about a mile from the village of that 

 name. In the time of Charles II. it was a large quadrangular mass 

 of buildings, with lofty towers and gateways opeuiug beneath' them 

 into two spacious courts. Much of the original structure remains, 

 and great additions were made of wings and turrets under the 

 direction of Inigo Jones. Breehin Castle stood a siege by Edward III. 

 in 1303, during three weeks. Many additions to the old buildings 

 were made by the Earl of Panmure in 1711. Paumure Hall, 10 miles 

 north-east from Dundee, is a large ancient edifice, much dilapidated 

 from neglect. It is surrounded by an extensive park and stately 

 plantations. The modern mansions in the county are numerous ; 

 some of them are distinguished for architectural magnificence and 

 picturesque beauty of situation. 



In 1852 the county possessed two savings banks at Dundee and 

 Montrose ; the total amount owing to depositors on 20th November 

 1852 was 82,340Z. 9. 3d. 



FORLi, a legation or province and town in the Papal States. 

 The province is bounded N. by the province of Ravenna, W. by 

 Tuscany, S. by the province of Urbino-e-Pesaro, and E. by the 

 Adriatic. Its area is 682 square miles, and in 1843 its population 

 was 202,315, distributed in 8 towns, 32 terre having a communal 

 council, and 404 villages or hamlets. The province is watered by the 

 Rabbi, Ronco, Savio, the Rubicone (the sacred boundary of the 

 Roman Republic), Marecchia, and other rivers which have their 

 sources in the Tuscan Apennines, and empty themselves into the 

 Adriatic. The Marecchia at one part of its course separates the 

 province from the republic of Sammarino. The country is in part 

 hilly, being occupied by offsets from the Apenniue chain, which extend 

 towards the Adriatic ; and partly flat, especially towards the north, 

 where there are some extensive marshes near the coast. Excepting in 

 the marshy district the climate is healthier than that of the neigh- 

 bouring flats of Ravenna. In summer the heat is very great, and 

 the rivers frequently are dried up. The principal productions are 

 maize, hemp, hay, and wine. Among the other products are barley, 

 a little oats, rye, and rice ; beans, pulse of various kinds, flax, fruits, 

 silk, madder, cummin, saffron, anise seed, &c. Only a small number 

 of cattle are reared. Honey is very abundant. A large quantity of 

 fish is taken along the coast. There are manufactories of silk, linen, 

 and oil-cloth, and refineries of sulphur, which is fouud of good quality 

 in the province. 



Towns, <fcc. The town of Forl't, the ancient Forum Livii, is said to 

 have been founded after the victory of the Metaurus, and to have 

 taken its name from M. Livius Salinator, one of the two consuls who 

 defeated Hasdrubal. It stands on the ancient ^Emilian Way in a 

 fertile plain between the Montone and the Ronco, 44 13' 25" 

 N. hit, 10 1 37" E. long. The present town is well built: the 

 streets are lined with arcades. It has a fine square, a cathedral, 

 several handsome palaces and churches adorned with paintings by 

 Carlo Maratti, Guido, Guercino, Cignani, and other masters, a lyceum, 

 and fine public walks. Forll is a bishop's see and the residence 01 

 the legate. The population is about 16,000. The town is surrounded 

 by old walls which are little worth as a defence. The French took 

 Forll in 1797. The citadel, famous for its noble defence by Catherine 

 Sforza in the 15th century, is now a prison. 



Cessna, a pretty town in a fertile country near the foot of the Apen- 

 nines, watered by the river Savio, over which there is a fine bridge, 

 has a handsome town-house on the market-place, which is adorned by 

 a colossal statue of Pius VII., who, as well as his predecessor, Pius VI. 

 was a native of this town. Ceseua is a bishop's see, has a college for 

 clerical students, and a valuable public library, collected by the Mala- 

 testi, who were lords of the Romagna in the middle ages. The library 

 is rich in manuscripts, among which is a curious work of St. Isidorus, 

 bishop of Seville in the 7th century, entitled ' Etymologise,' which is a 

 kind of cyclopaedia. In the Capuchin church is a fine painting by Guer- 

 cino. Cesena is an ancient place. It has given title to a bishop since 

 A.D. 92, when its first bishop, St. Philemon, was appointed under Pope 

 Clement I. On a high hill about a mile from the town is the hand- 

 some church of Santa Maria del Monte, reputed to be a work of 

 Bramonte, and near it is a Benedictine monastery in which Pius VII. 

 took the vows. To the south of Cesena are valuable sulphur 

 mines, the produce of which is sent to Bologna and Rimini. These 

 mines are said to yield about 4,000,000 Ibs. of sulphur yearly. The 

 population of Cesena is about 9500. 



Between Forll and Cesena is the little town of Forlimpopoli, the 

 ancient Forum Popilii, with a collegiate church, a castle built by 

 Cesare Borgia, and about 4200 iuhabitants. Near Forlimpopoli is 

 Bertinoro, famous for its wines : population of the commune 4800. 



Saviyaano, on the road from Ceseua to Rimini, near the site of 

 the ancient CompUum, has some good buildings and about 4000 



