1093 



FREETOWN. 



FREYBURG. 



1091 



parishes, with an area of 83,667 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 14,536. Freebridge Lynn Poor-Law Union, which ia not so extensive 

 as the hundred, contains 32 parishes, with an area of 64,738 acres, 

 and a population in 1851 of 13,468. 



FREETOWN* [SIERRA LEONE.] 



FREIBERG, a mining town in the kingdom of Saxony, is situated 

 on the Miinzbach, a feeder of the Mulde, on the northern slope 

 sf the Erzgebirge Mountains in 50 55' N. lat., 13 21' E. long., 

 about 25 miles S.W. from Dresden, and has about 12,000 inhabitants. 

 Freiberg is the centre of administration for the Saxon mines. It is 

 surrounded by walls ; the streets are regular, well-built, well-lighted, 

 and paved ; and it has a suburb, besides the Freudenstein, or Freisteiu, 

 an old castle, now used as a storehouse for mining produce. It contains 

 six churches; to which a Roman Catholic church was added in 1831. 

 The High church (once a cathedral) is a fine specimen of the archi- 

 tecture of the middle ages. It contains a handsome monument in 

 memory of Prince Maurice of Saxony, who fell in the battle of 

 Sievershausen in 1553, and another to the memory of Werner, the 

 great mineralogist, who died in 1817. Among the other buildings 

 of note in the town are the town-hall, the high school, and the 

 mining academy, which was opened in 1767, and comprises class and 

 lecture-rooms, Werner's mineralogical collection, a museum of models 

 of mining machines, and a library of 18,000 volumes. Werner and 

 A. von Humboldt studied in the mining academy of Freiberg, 

 which is conducted by seven professors and other teachers. Freiberg 

 has also a number of benevolent institutions, among which are an 

 hospital, an orphan asylum, a house of industry, and infirmaries. 



manufactures consist of gold and silver lace, brass wares, white ; 

 lead, gunpowder, shot, iron and copper wares, linen, woollen goods, 

 ribands, tape, leather, and laces. There are several large breweries 

 in the town. In the vicinity are about 130 mines of silver, lead, 

 copper, cobalt, &c. About three miles from the town at Halsbriicke 

 are the extensile amalgamation and smelting works for this rich 

 mining district 



FRKIBURG(Freyburg), an archiepiscopal town in the southern part 

 of the grand-duchy of Baden, is situated on the Treisam, 83 miles by 

 railway S. by W. from Carlsruhe, 40 miles N. by E. from Basle, stands 

 at an elevation of about 940 feet above the level of the sea, in 47 59' 

 N. lat., 7 53' E. long., and has a population of about 16,000 including 

 the suburbs. The town is surrounded with walls pierced by three 

 gates, a fourth having been removed. It is in general open and well 

 built, the ' Kaiserstrasse ' in particular being broad, and lined with 

 handsome houses. Among the public edifices are the former house 

 of assembly for the states, which is at present the archbishop's palace ; 

 the grand duke's palace, on the site of the former citadel ; the govern- 

 ment buildings ; the edifice containing the courts of justice and post- 

 office j the old and the new university buildings, the latter of which 

 waa once a college of Jesuits ; the town-hall, museum, granary, 

 theatre, and house of correction. Freiburg has several squares, in 

 the centre of one of which, the fish-market, is a fountain surmounted 

 by a statue of Duke Berthold III. of Ziihringen, the founder of the 

 town, represented in the habiliments of his time. Besides three 

 Catholic churches and one Lutheran church, the religious establish- 

 ments have several churches and chapels attached to them. The 

 most attractive feature in the town is the cathedral or minster, 

 probably the most beautiful and perfect specimen of gothic archi- 

 tecture in Germany. It is a work of the 12th century, begun in 

 1122, and not completed until 160 years afterwards; the tower, 

 which is 386 feet high, is peculiarly remarkable for its lightness 

 and elegance. Though not quite so lofty as St. Stephen's at 

 Vienna, or the cathedral at Strasbourg, it is deemed to excel both iu 

 purity of style, symmetry of proportions, and boldness of con- 

 struction. The structure is built of red-sandstone, in the form of a 

 cross, and contains several windows of finely-painted glass, sarcophagi 

 of the dukes of Ziihringen, and paintings by Grien, Holbein, and 

 other artists. Holbein's Assumption of the Virgin, which forms the 

 altar-piece, is esteemed his masterpiece. 



The university, which was founded under the name of ' the 

 Albertina ' by the archduke Albert VI. of Austria, in the year 1454, 

 enjoys endowments to the extent of upwards of 2500. a year, and is 

 possessed of a library of more than 100,000 volumes, as well as a 

 museum, an anatomical theatre and clinical establishment, a botanic 

 garden, &c. It is likewise supported by an annual grant of about 

 34001. from the States. The university of Freiburg is famous as a 

 school of Catholic theology. There are also a gymnasium, a normal 

 school, a civic school, many private seminaries, several Sunday and 

 holiday schools, and a garden of industry, where the management of 

 forests, orchards, and gardens is taught. There are three hospitals 

 and an orphan and foundling asylum. 



The manufactures of Freiburg consist of leather, chicory, paper, 

 sugar, starch, tobacco, soap, bells, musical instruments, &c. There 

 are also bleaching and dye-works. 



Freiburg waa founded by Berthold III. in 1118; it was formerly 

 the capital of the Breiagau. The fortifications were levelled by the 

 French in 1754. The archbishop of Freiburg is the head of the 

 Catholic Church in the grand duchy of Baden ; his province includes 

 the whole of the grand duchy, the principalities of Hohenzollern, 

 and the bishoprics of Mainz (in Hesse-Darmstadt), Fulda (iu 



Hesse-Cassel), Rottenburg (in Wiirtemberg), and Limburg (in 

 Nassau). A statue was erected in memory of Berthold Schwartz, the 

 inventor of gunpowder, in Augustin Platz, near St. Martin's church, 

 in 1853. 



FREISTADT. [ENS.] 



FREJUS. [VAB.] 



FREMANTLE. [WESTERN AUSTRALIA.] 



FREYBURG, or FRIBURG, one of the Swiss cantons, is bounded 

 N. and E. by the canton of Bern, S. by Vaud, and W. by Vaud and 

 the Lake of Neuchatel, which divides it from the canton of 

 Neuchatel. Its length from north to south is 40 miles ; its breadth, 

 which is very unequal, is about 28 miles in the widest part. Thu 

 area is 563 square miles; and the population in March 1850 was 

 99,805, of whom 87,753 were Catholics, 12,133 Calvinists, and the 

 remainder foreigners and Heimathlosen. The south part of the canton 

 is very mountainous, being covered by offsets from the great Alpine 

 chain which divides the waters that fall into the Rhone and tha 

 Lake of Geneva from those which flow into the Aar. The canton of 

 Freyburg belongs to the basin of the latter river, being watered iu 

 its length from south to north by the Sarine or Saane, one of the 

 principal affluents of the Aar ; the general slope of the ground is 

 towards the north and north-west, down to the plains which border 

 the lakes of Morat and Neuchatel. There is but a very small fraction 

 of the south-west part of the canton which slopes southward towards 

 the Lake of Geneva. The highest summits in the south part of the 

 canton, and on the left bank of the Sarine, are the Mole"son, 

 6700 feet, and the Dent de Jaman on the borders of Vaud, which is 

 4500 feet. On the right or east bank of the Sarine the Dent de 

 Branleire is'above 7700 feet, and Mount Berra is about 5300 feet, high. 

 The Sarine or Saane rises near the head of the Sanetsch Pass, the most 

 western pass in the Bernese Alps in the canton of Bern. It flows 

 first northward through the valley of Gsteig ; but on approaching 

 the village of Saanen, or Gessenai, it runs a few miles westward in the 

 canton of Vaud, and then resuming a northerly direction it traverses 

 the canton of Freyburg from south to north, passing Gruyere and 

 Freyburg. A few miles below Laupen where it re-enters the canton of 

 Bern, it joins the Aar on the left bank after a rapid course of about 

 70 miles. The Charmey, one of its feeders on the right bank, waters 

 the valley of Bellegarde, which opens upon the Sarine a little below 

 Gruyere. Besides the Sarine and its affluents, which drain more 

 than two-thirds of the territory of Freyburg, the Broye, which has 

 its source on the borders of Vaud, runs northward, crossing the 

 western part of the canton, enters the Lake of Morat, and issuing from 

 it at the opposite end, empties itself into the Lake of Neuchfttel. 



The climate is cold in winter and subject to sudden changes of 

 temperature in the spring and autumn. The principal productions 

 of the soil are wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, and oats. There is good 

 pasture, both natural and artificial. Vines and other fruit-trees 

 are grown in the lowlands near the lakes of Morat and Neuchatel, 

 where the climate is milder than in the south of the canton. Some 

 tobacco is grown in the same district. Timber from the forests and 

 peat are important products. In common years the canton produces 

 sufficient corn for its own consumption. The principal wealth of the 

 greater part of the country consists in its pastures and its cows, 

 sheep, goats, pigs, and horses, which are very numerous in proportion 

 to the area of the canton, and of excellent breed, especially the horses 

 and cattle, which are the best in all Switzerland. Dairy husbandry 

 is much attended to and well understood. The cheeses made in the 

 canton of Freyburg are among the best in Switzerland. The cheese 

 properly called Gruyere is made on the left bank of the Upper Sarine 

 and in the valley of the Charmey, in the south part of the canton. 

 It is estimated that about 40,000 cwt. of cheese is made yearly ; and 

 of this quantity the valleys of the Upper Sarine and the Charmey 

 furnish the greater part. 



The manufactures are considerable straw-plat, leather, kirsch- 

 wasser, tobacco. There are some unimportant iron-works, glass-works, 

 and paper-mills. Coals are dug in the valley of Bellegarde, and 

 are sold at Freyburg. Turf is cut in the marshes of Morat and 

 elsewhere. 



The game consists of hares, chamois, red partridges, woodcocks, 

 wild ducks, &c. Wolves and bears have become very rare, and stags 

 and boars are extinct. The rivers and lakes abound with trout, carp, 

 pike, tench, and eels. 



The natives of the canton are generally robust and well made. The 

 Roman Catholic is the only religion of the canton, with the exception 

 of the district of Morat, the inhabitants of which are Calvinists. 

 Elementary education is given in above 200 schools. There is also a 

 normal school for teachers. Before the late revolution in Switzerland 

 the college of Freyburg, under the direction of the Jesuits, was 

 attended by about 500 students; a boarding-school was kept by 

 the Jesuits, and a grammar-school also at Freyburg, founded in 1835. 

 Since the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1847 we know not how these 

 establishments are regulated. There is a Protestant college at Morat. 

 Over the greater part of the canton a French patois is spoken ; in the 

 valley of the Upper Sariue the language spoken is a dialect of the 

 Romansche ; in the northern and eastern districts, which approach 

 Bern, a Swiss-German dialect is spoken, but educated people every- 

 where speak French. The territory composing the canton of Frey- 



