1101 



FROZEN OCEAN. 



FULDA. 



noi 



of an ancient temple, now turned into a church. The town gives 

 title to a bishop, and has 4100 inhabitants. Paliano, a walled town 

 7 miles N.W". from Anagni, has 3700 inhabitants and a large baronial 

 castle, which was for a long time the residence of the powerful 

 family of Colonna. The above towns, besides several others with 

 between 2000 and 3000 inhabitants, are situated at a short distance 

 from each other, in or near the valley of the Sacco, which is traversed by 

 the road from Rome to Naples, the ancient Via Latina. Many travel- 

 lers prefer the lower or Appian road by the Pomptine marshes, which is 

 better ; but the country is unwholesome and desolate in summer. On 

 the southern slope of the Monti Lepini, looking towards the Pomptiue 

 marshes, are Piperno, the ancient Privernum, with 3700 inhabitants ; 

 Seize, the ancient Setia, an episcopal see, with 8500 inhabitants; Cori 

 (Cora), famous for its fine temple of Hercules, ita massive Cyclo- 

 pean walls, and its ancient Latin bridge, population 4300; Norma, 

 the ancient Nurba, destroyed by Sulla, 1500 inhabitants. At the 

 eastern extremity of the Pomptine marshes, on the high road to 

 Naples, is Terracina, the ancient Anxur, which has some handsome 

 modern buildings, many ancient remains, and 4000 inhabitants. 

 Terracina gives title to a bishop. 



Beyond the mountains east of Terracina, which form the boundary 

 of the Papal States, is the town and territory of Pontecot'vo, in the 

 valley of the Liris, and in the midst of the Neapolitan territories, but 

 belonging by an old donation to the see of Rome. Pontecorvo has a 

 population of 6500, a cathedral, and a long bridge over the Liris, or 

 Garigliano. 



FRO/EN OCEAN, a term used to indicate the seas surrounding 

 the Poles, in which great masses of ice swim about. It is consequently 

 synonymous with Icy Sea, and in some degree also with what are 

 called the Arctic and Antarctic Seas or Oceans, or Polar Seas. 

 FRYERNING. [ESSEX.] 



FUEGO, TIEKIIA DEL, South America, is the name by which 

 the archipelago is designated which constitutes the southern extremity 

 of America. It includes all the islands south of the Strait of Magal- 

 haens us far as Cape Horn, and lies between 52 30' and 56 S. lat., 

 65 and 76 AV. long. Staten Island however extends more than a 

 degree farther east, but is divided from the archipelago by the Strait 

 le Maire, which is nearly 20 miles across. The whole length of the 

 archipelago, from Cape Good Success, on Strait le Maire, to Cape 

 Pillar, at the western entrance of the Strait of Maijalhaens, exceeds 

 450 miles. Its greatest breadth, between 6S and 70" W. long., is not 

 less than 250 miles. 



Tierra del Fuego consists of one large island, four others of 

 moderate extent, and a great number of smaller islands and rocks. 

 The larger island forms the eastern and north-eastern portion of the 

 group, and occupies considerably more than one half of the whole. 

 It u called King Charles's Southland, and is more than 250 miles 

 long and 170 miles wide; its area is near 20,000 square miles. On 

 the south of it lie the islands of Navarin, which is about 40 miles 

 long and 20 miles wide; and Hoste, which is 70 miles long and 

 36 miles wide ; these islands arc separated from King Charles's South- 

 land by Beagle Channel, extending in a straight line, east and west, 

 for 120 miles, and being only from one third of a mile to one mile 

 across. South of Hoste is a group of smaller islands, the most 

 southern of which is the bare rocky mass called Horn Island, the 

 southern point of which, Cape Horn, is considered to be the most 

 southern extremity of America. Navarin Island is separated from 

 Hoste Island by Ponsonby Sound. To the west of King Charles's 

 Southland are Dawson's Island, Clarence Island, and South Desolation. 

 Dawson'a Island lies in the widest part of the Strait of Magalhaens. 

 It is a rocky mass, 50 miles long and 6 miles wide ; some of the 

 mountains attain an elevation of nearly 3000 feet. The surface of 

 the island generally is covered with trees. Clarence Island is sepa- 

 rated from King Charles's Southland by a crooked channel, which 

 towards the Strait of Magalhaens is called Magdalen Sound, but 

 towards the open sea Cockburn Sound, and which affords an easy 

 passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Clarence Island 

 resembles Dawson's Island in character, but the shores are more 

 broken by deep inlets, and the mountains are lower, the highest 

 summit hardly attaining an elevation of 2500 feet. The island is 

 about 50 miles long and 12 miles wide. South Desolation, or Staiues 

 Island, which forms the most western portion of the archipelago, 

 in separated from Clarence Island by Barbara Channel. It is nearly 

 100 miles long, and has a mean width of 15 miles. It is rocky and 

 barren, the scanty vegetation being chiefly of stunted trees. Many 

 of the mountains rise above the snow-line. 



The northern portion of King Charles's Southland is a plain, on 

 which there are a great number of low hills with a gentle ascent. No 

 trees grow upon it, but there are shrubs and grasses. The shrubs are 

 thinly scattered, but the grasses are abundant, and though of a harsh 

 and dry appearance they feed large flocks of guanacoes. Captain 

 Fitzroy considers this plain more fertile than those of Patagonia 

 south of 45 S. lat., and thinks that parts of it may be cultivated. 

 It is at present occupied by natives, resembling the Patagouians. 

 [PATAGONIA.] This plain is almost the only level portion of the 

 country ; it being, accordiug to Mr. Darwin, extremely rare to find an 

 acre of level ground : in fact, Tierra del Fuego suggested to him the 

 appearance of a vast mountain region partially submerged. The line 



of separation between the plain and the mountain country begins on 

 the Strait of Magalhaens, on the northern shores of Admiralty Sound, 

 and extends thence to the Strait of Le Maire. It is formed by a 

 range of mountains, the loftiest summits of which are Mount Sar- 

 miento (6900 feet) and Mount Darwin (6800 feet), both towards the 

 westward end of the range ; eastward the highest points are about 

 3400 feet. The shores of this mountain region are intersected by 

 deep inlets, some of which form good harbours. Along the valleys is 

 a good deal of timber; and the declivities of the mountains are 

 covered from the water's edge up to 1000 to 1500 feet with dense 

 forests, chiefly of beech (Fagas lietuloides). Above the forest laud are 

 many varieties of dwarf alpine plants. 



The mountainous portion of the archipelago comprehends the 

 southern and western part of King Charles's Southland, and all the 

 other islands besides. It presents a succession of hills and mountains 

 valleys and ravines ; the mountains rise in general to 2000 or 3000 

 feet, and several attain the snow-line, which here is often 3500 to 

 4000 feet. In this region every valley, and almost every arm of the 

 sea which penetrates far inland, displays glaciers of greater or lees 

 size descending into the sea. The shores are intersected by deep but 

 narrow arms of the sea, on whose sides rise the mountains, whose 

 summits for the greatest part of the year are covered with snow, 

 while their steep and rocky declivities are partially overgrown with 

 evergreens. The natives of this country differ considerably from the 

 Patagonians: they are low in stature, varying from 4 feet 10 inches 

 to 5 feet 6 inches in height, and live in a very barbarous condition ; 

 they have frequently no other covering than a scrap of hide, which is 

 tied to their waists. Their colour is darker than that of copper, and 

 like mahogany or rusty iron. " The most remarkable traits in the 

 countenance of the Fuegian are his extremely small low forehead, 

 his prominent brow, small sunken black eyes, wide cheek-bones, wide 

 and open nostrils, large mouth, and thick lips." (Captain Fitzroy's 

 ' Voyage of Adventure and Beagle,' ii. 175.) They have no govern- 

 ment ; and the neighbouring tribes, who speak different dialects, are 

 almost always hostile. Cannibalism is practised. They never cultivate 

 the soil ; but, occupying only the sra-shore, they live chiefly on shell- 

 fish. Almost the only vegetable production which they eat is a peculiar 

 fungus (Cytliaria Itarwinii) which grows on the beeches. 



The climate of this archipelago is extremely cold. Cloudy weather, 

 rain, and wind prevail throughout the year, and fine days are rare. 

 No season is quite free from frost ; the thermometer, even in February, 

 which corresponds to our August, descends occasionally some degrees 

 below the freezing point ; but even during the winter the mean tem- 

 perature is, according to the observation of Captain King, 2.J above 

 that point, though it occasionally descends to 12^ of Fahrenheit. 

 It seems that this peculiarity of the climate is chiefly to be attributed 

 to the high temperature of the sea, tbe surface of which is never lower 

 than 45 Fahrenheit, at least in the Strait of Magalhaeus. The coasts, 

 which are exposed to the influence of the open ocean, have probably 

 a much colder climate, as during the winter they are surrounded by 

 large fields of ice, which at that season occur as far north as 54 

 S. lat., along the shores of King Charles's Southland. " Fogs are 

 extremely rare on this coast, but thick rainy weather prevails, and 

 strong winds. The sun shows itself but little, the sky even in fine 

 weather being generally overcast and cloudy. A clear day is a very 

 rare occurrence. Gales of wind succeed each other at short intervals, 

 and last several days. At times the weather is settled for a fortnight, 

 but those times are few. Westerly winds prevail during the greater 

 part of the year." (' Admiralty Sailing Directions.') March is tbq 

 most boisterous month in the year. Lightning and thunder are 

 almost unknown. The level portion of King Charles's Southland 

 suffers rather from want than from abundance of moisture, like the 

 eastern coast of Patagonia. 



The zoology of this region is very poor. The Mammalia of the 

 land (for whales and seals abound in the seas) is confined to " one 

 bat, a kind of mouse, two true mice, a ctenomys allied to or identical 

 with the tucutuco, two foxes, a sea-otter, the guanaco, and a deer. 

 Most of these animals inhabit only the drier eastern part of the 

 country, and the deer has never been seen south of the Strait of 

 Magalhaens." (Darwin.) Captain King found parrots and humming- 

 birds on the snores of the Strait of Magalhaens. A few birds, as a 

 white-tufted tyrant, a fly-catcher, a black woodpecker, and a wren, 

 are seen in the interior ; but the most common bird is the creeper 

 (Oxyurus tupinieri). Reptiles are unknown. Insects are far from 

 numerous. Fish abound in the inlets. 



A current continually sets along the south-west coast of Tierra del 

 Fuego from north-west towards south-east as far as Diego Ramirez 

 Islands ; it then takes a more easterly direction, setting round Cape 

 Horn towards Staten Island, and so off seaward about east-south-east. 

 It sets rather from the laud, thereby much diminishing the danger to 

 vessels approaching this part of the coast. 



(Fitzroy, Narrative of Surveying Voyaye of ff.Af.S. Adventure and 

 Beagle ; Darwin, Journal of Researches ; Hall, Journal, <fcc.) 



FUENTE.OVEJUNA. [CORDOVA.] 



FUENTERRABIA. [BASQUE PROVINCES.] 



FUERTEVENTURA. [CANARIES.] 



FULBOURNE. [CAMBRIDGESHIRE.] 



FULDA, a province of the electorate of Hesse-Cassel, between 



