OAILLAC. 



OALATIA. 



1103 



inscription upon it to be the mausoleum of L. Munatius Plancua, 

 frirnd of Augustus ; another column with twelre face*, and inscribed 

 with the name* of the winds in Greek and Latin, ii one of the most 



iiri..iin monument* in the town. In the cathedral i a baptismal 

 raie of Parian marble with highly finished rilievos, besides other 

 remains. Garta gives title to an archMshop. There is a royal 

 residence here, to which the king of Naples and hi* family usually 

 resort in summer. Garta rose to distinction after the destruction of 

 Furtniir, and under the Normans became one of the most important 

 cities of South Italy. 



OAILLAC. [TARS.] 



GAILLON. [EuRE.1 



GAINSBOROUGH, Lincolnshire, an ancient market-town and sea- 

 port, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the pariah of Gainsborough, 

 in situated on the right bank of the river Trent, in 53 23' N. lat, 

 0* 46' W. long., distant 18 miles N.W. from Lincoln, 148 milea N. by 

 W. from London by road, and 155 miles by the Great Northern 

 railway. The population of the town in 1851 was 7500. For military 

 purposes the district is under the management of a Local Board of 

 Health. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Stow and 

 diocese of Lincoln. Gainsborough Poor-Law Union contains 49 

 parishes and townships, with an area of 1 05,226 acres and a population 

 in 1851 of 27,037. 



Gainsborough consists principally of one street, running parallel to 

 the Trent, which is here crossed by a fine stone bridge of three 

 elliptical archex. The town is well paved, and is lighted with gas. 

 The public building* include the town-hall, a substantial brick build- 

 ing, the lower part of which is occupied as the jail ; the parish church, 

 which wag rebuilt, with exception of the tower, about a century ago ; 

 three handsome district churches ; and chapels for Wesleyan and 

 Primitive Methodist*, Independents, Quakers, Roman Catholics, and 

 Unitarians. There are also a Grammar school, founded in 1589; 

 National, Infant, and Wesleyan schools ; a literary institute ; libraries ; 



savings bank, and a dispensary. A county court is held. 

 Gainsborough is advantageously situated both for foreign and inland 



trade. By the river Trent, which falls into the Hiimber about 20 miles 

 below the town, vessels of 200 tons can come up to the wharfs; and 

 by the Keadby, Chesterfield, and other canals, a communication is 

 kept up with the interior of the country. The gross amount of 

 customs duties received at the port in 1851 was 35,9491. 7*. lid. The 

 number of vessels registered at the port on December 31st 1853 was 

 as follow! : Under 50 tons 6 vessels, tonnage 257 ; above 50 tons 

 6 vessels, tonnage 363 ; one steam vessel of 49 tons, and 4 of 307 

 tan*. The vessels which entered and cleared at the port during 1853 

 were : Inwards, 214, tonnage, 13,292; outwards, 237, tonnage, 12,725. 



Linseed oil is very extensively manufactured ; malting, rope-making, 

 and ship-building are largely carried on. The market-day is Tuesday ; 

 furs of ten days each are held at Easter and from October 20th, for 

 cheese, horses, and stock. Gainsborough manor-house, a fine old 

 Elizabethan hall, has been recently restored. 



(Allen, LincnlntAire ; Communication from Gainiborouyh.) 



OALACZ. [MOLDAVIA.] 



GALAPAGOS, a group of islands of volcanic origin, situated in 

 the Pacific, about 700 miles from the continent of South America, 

 near the equator. They lie between 1 N. lat., and 2 S. Int., 

 89 and 92 W. long., and consist of six larger and seven smaller 

 islands. The largest is Albemarle Island, which is 60 miles in length, 

 and about 15 miles broad. The highest part is 4000 feet above the 

 sea. Charles Island, now called La Floriana, is 20 miles long from 

 north to sonth, and about 15 miles wide. 



The islands consist of enormous masses of lava, rising abruptly 

 from a fathomless sea. In the interior, valleys and plains of moderate 

 extent occur, which are covered with shrubs and that kind of cactus 

 which is called prickly pear. This cactus supplies with food the great 

 elephant-tortoises, so called from their feet being like those of a small 

 elephant. These animals grow to an enormous size, and frequently 

 weigh 300 Ibs. or 400 Ibs. There are also iguanas and innumerable 

 crabs. Pigeons abound on the islands. 



The climate is moderated by the elevation of the surface of the 

 islands (the settlement on La Floriana being 1000 feet above the 

 level of the sea), and by the cold current which sets along the sonth- 

 south-western side of the group to the north-north-west. In dry 

 seasons most of the water-pools dry up ; but at the setting-in of the 

 rains, in November, they are again filled. Between May and Decem- 

 ber the thermometer ranges between 52 and 74, and from January 

 to May between 74* and 84, and occasionally higher. 



Tbsss island, were first visited towards the end of the last century 

 by the whalers of the Pacific Ocean. In 1882 a settlement was 

 formed by on* Ililamil, an inhabitant of Guayaquil, who obtained a 

 grant of the island of La Floriana from the government of Ecuador. 

 Sugar-cane, sws*t potato**, and Indian corn are cultivated. It has 

 been recently reported that an extensive deposit of guano has been 

 found on ons of the islands. 



I.ASHIKI.H. [SKLKTRKSmRK.] 



HA I.ATIA, a country of Asia Minor, which originally formed part 

 "f 1'hrygia and I'appadocia. Its boundaries differed at varioun time*. 

 It was bounded on the south by Phrygia and Cappadocia, on the east 

 by Ponton, on the north by Papblagonia, and on the west by Bithynia. 



It obtained the name of Galatia from the settlement of a Urge body 

 of Gauls in this part of Asia. The first horde that appeared in Asia 

 (B.C. 279) formed part of the army with which Brennus invaded 

 Greece. In consequence of some distensions in the army of Brennus, 

 a considerable number of his troops, under the command of Leonorius 

 and Lutarius, left their countrymen and marched into Thrace ; thence 

 they proceeded to Byzantium, and crossed over into Asia at the invi- 

 tation of Nicomedea king of Bithynia, who was anxious to secure 

 their assistance against his brother Ziboetas. (Livy, xxxviii. 16.) 

 With their aid Nieomedes was successful ; and, according to Justin 

 (xxv. 2), as the Gslli received part of the conquests the country was 

 called Oidlograecia. The allies of Nieomedes now became his masters, 

 and ho, as well as the other monarchs of Asia Minor to the west of 

 Mount Taurus, was obliged for many years to purchase safety from 

 these barbarians by the payment of tribute. By fresh accessions their 

 numbers became so great that Justin informs us (xxv. 2) " that all Aia 

 swarmed with them ; and that no Eastern monarchs carried on war with- 

 out a mercenary army of Gauls." Instances of this kind are given in 

 Clinton's ' Fasti Hellenic!,' vol. iii. p. 424. They are also said in the 

 second book of Maccabees (viii. 20) to have advanced as far as 

 Babylon, and to have bees defeated by the Jews. The first effectual 

 check they received was from Attains I. king of Pergamus, who 

 defeated them in a great battle (B.C. 239) and compelled them to 

 settle permanently in that part of Asia which was afterwards 

 called Galatia. (Livy, xxxiii. 21 ; Polybius, xviii. 24.) Though 

 Attalus reduced their power, they still remained independent, 

 and gave Antiochus great assistance in his contest with the Romans. 

 Having thus incurred the enmity of the Roman republic, Cneius 

 Manlius the consul was sent against them with a considerable army, 

 B.C. 189. The particulars of this war, which terminated in the com- 

 plete defeat of the Galatians, are recorded in Livy (xxxviii. I'J-'JT). 

 ' From this time they were in reality subject to Rome, though allowed 

 to retain their own native princes. In the war against Mithridates, 

 Deiotarus, originally only a tetrarch of one of the Golatian tribes, 

 greatly assisted the Romans, for which service he was rewarded by 

 the grant of Pontus and little Armenia, and the title of king by the 

 Roman Senate. He was succeeded by Amyntas, according to Strabo 

 (b. xiii.). At the death of Amyntas, B.C. 25, Galatia became a Roman 

 province. After the time of Augustus, the boundaries of the province 

 were enlarged, and Paphlagonia was added to it : but in the rvign of 

 Constantino it was again reduced to its former limits, and in the time 

 of Tbeodosius the Great was subdivided into two provinces, Galatia 

 Prima, of which the capital was Aiicyra, and Galatia Scautda, of 

 which Pessinus was the capital. 



Strabo (b."xii.) informs us that Galatia was inhabited by three 

 tribes of Gauls; the Troomi, the Tectosages, and the Tolistobogii. 

 Each tribe was subdivided into four parts, and each division was 

 governed by a tetrarch, who appointed a judge and an inspector of 

 the army. The power of these twelve tetrarchs was limited by a 

 senate of 300, who assembled at a place called Drynsemetum, and 

 who took cognisance of cases of murder, other offences being left to 

 the jurisdiction of the tetrarchs and judges. This form of govern- 

 ment continued till shortly before the time of Deiotarus. All the 

 tribes spoke the same language, and had the same customs. Though 

 they afterwards spoke Greek in common with the other nations of 

 Asia Minor, yet they had not forgotten their native tongue in t)n< 

 time of Jerome, who informs us (' Prolegomena in Epis. ad Galatas ') 

 that their language was almost the same as that of the Treviri, or 

 the people of Troves. They did not entirely lose their original 

 simplicity of manners, for Cicero, in his defence of Dcintarus, praises 

 him as an extensive cultivator and breeder of cattle (c. 9). 



Coin of Galatia, Trijun. Imperial Greek. 

 Britlah Museum. Actual nine. Copper. Weight, 427 grain*. 



Galatia possessed few towns of importance, with the exception of 

 \, Tavium, and Pessinus. Tavitim, the capital of the Trnetni, 

 was situated in the north-east part of the province, but soon fell into 

 obscurity. Pessinus, the capital of the Tolistobogii, north-east of 

 the river Snniptrina, WHS a great trading-place, with a magnificent 

 temple, iwre.l (., the ni"th'T ..!' the (.""I-, who was there worshipped 

 iiinler the name of Agdistis. (Strabo, b. xii.) On the river Sangarius 

 in this province was the ancient Gordimn, formerly the capital of 

 the Phrygian monarchy. Livy (xxxviii. 18) describes Uordium ax a 

 small town in his time, but carrying on an extensive commerce. The 



