1109 



GALENA. 



GALICIA. 



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apostle Paul appears to have visited Galatia twice, about A.D. 50 auJ 

 A.D. 55 (Acts, xvi. 6 ; xviii. 23.) The date of his epistle to the 

 Galatians has not been definitely ascertained. 

 GALENA. [ILLINOIS.] 



GALICIA, the Kingdom of, is the north-eastern province of the 

 Austrian dominions, and lies between '47 50' and 50 50' N. lat., 

 18 54' and 26 37' E. long. It includes the country formerly the 

 territory of the republic of Cracow ; and is bounded N. by Poland, 

 E. by Russia, S.E. by the Bukowine, S. and S.W. by Transylvania 

 and Hungary, and W. by Hungary, Austrian Silesia, and Prussian 

 Silesia. The Bukowine, which was formerly included in Galicia, 

 was separated from it by imperial patent in 1851. The area of 

 ( indicia is 30,157 square miles : the population in 1850-1 was 4,555,477. 

 Galicia derives its name from the former principality of Haliczia or 

 Galiczia, which, together with a considerable portion of Red Russia, 

 once formed part of Hungary, but was incorporated with Poland in 

 the year 1374. Its ancient connection with Hungary served as a 

 pretext to the empress Maria Theresa, in 1772, when Poland was 

 enfeebled by intestine divisions, to claim its restoration; a claim 

 which the Poles were forced to concede by the treaty of the 

 18th September, 1773, in consequence of which that part of the 

 republic, now termed Galicia, was surrendered to Austria, and 

 annexed to its dominions under the name of the kingdom of Galicia 

 and Lodomeria. 



Surface, Hydrography, <tc. Galicia spreads out, in its whole 

 length on the northern side pf the Carpathian Mountains, into 

 extensive plains : those mountains extend their arms deep into the 

 kingdom, and on the west, the Beskide branch of them stretches as 

 far a* the banks of the Vistula, rising almost abruptly out of the 

 lowlands into heights of from 2000 to 5000 feet. The most elevated 

 summit in this quarter is the 'Babia Gora' (Women's Mount), 

 5410 feet above the sea. In the south-west, the Patra or central 

 range of the Carpathians, with their peaked summits and desolate 

 naked aspect, rise to still greater elevations ; the great Kryvan to 

 about 8050 feet, and the Rohicz to 7230 feet. The branches of this 

 range penetrate much deeper into the country than those of the 

 Beskidea. The mountains are full of small lakes, which are here 

 called Say, Plesse, or ' Eyes of the Sea ; ' the largest of them, which 

 lies to the north of the Great Kryvan, is called the Fish Lake ; it is 

 at an elevation of about 4550 feet above the level of the sea, but 

 does uot exceed 1600 paces in length, or 500 feet in breadth ; it has a 

 depth of 1 92 feet, and forms an almost perfect oval. 



The northern part of Galicia is an extensive plain, in some parts 

 intersected by low ranges of hills ; and in the western part also a 

 dead level begins at Skavina on the right bank of the Vistula, and 

 varying in width, extends to the banks of the San. The soil of the 

 plains consists almost universally of loam and sand ; the most remark- 

 able accumulation of the latter is in what is called the Sand Mountain 

 (Sandberg) near Limburg. 



The rivers of the western part of the kingdom of Galicia belong to 

 the basin of the Vistula ; and those of the eastern, to the basins of 

 the Danube and the Dniester. The Vistula forms the western 

 boundary next to Poland for about 180 miles, flowing north-eastward 

 from the spot where Austrian and Prussian Silesia and Galicia 

 converge to a point, and quitting the kingdom at Popowicze, a village 

 opposite Zavichost at its northern extremity ; this river increases in 

 breadth along this frontier-line from about 120 to nearly 200 paces, 

 and has a rapid current until below Cracow, the difference in the 

 elevation of its bed from the point just mentioned and that city 

 being about 200 feet. The tributaries of the Vistula, on the side of 

 Galicia, are the Dunayec or Danayez, which flows down from the 

 Carpathians, is navigable hi the low country, receives the Poprad, also 

 a navigable stream, and other rivers in its course, chiefly northward, 

 through the circles of Sandecz, Bochnia, and Tarnof, and falls into 

 the Vistula near Novopole, opposite Opatoviec, after a course of about 

 105 miles. This river, like all those which flow from the Carpathians, 

 overflows its banks in rainy seasons, does much damage, and is 

 dangerous to navigate. The Wysloka is formed at Yaslo out of the 

 junction of the Dembowka, Ropa, and Yasielka, flows through the 

 circles of Yaslo and Tarnof, and after a northern course of about 

 70 miles, joins the Vistula near the village of Ostrdf, in the north of 

 Galicia. The San or Saan, the most important tributary of the 

 Vistula in this quarter, rises near Sianki, a village on one of the most 

 northerly declivities of the Carpathians, takes a north-westerly 

 direction to Sanok and Bynof, whence it runs eastward to the town 

 of Przemysl, and thence flows north-westward through a low country 

 past Yaroslaf until it falls into the Vistula near Lapiszof. Its whole 

 length is about 180 miles, and its chief tributaries are the Wyslek 

 and Tanef. The Bug, which has its efflux in the Vistula also, does 

 not become a considerable stream until it has quitted Galicia ; it rises 

 near Galigory to the east of Limburg, flows westward when above 

 the latitude of that town, and before it reaches Busk turns north- 

 ward and afterwards north-westward, and leaving Galicia below 

 Sokal, enters Poland. The Dniester, another of the considerable 

 rivera in this kingdom, through which it flows for a distance of about 

 310 miles, has its source in the Carpathians in the western part of the 

 circle of Sambor, and thence continues in a south-easterly direction 

 till it enters Russia near Cholym. [DNIESTER.] It receives numerous 



affluents on both banks, but most on the left bank, in its course 

 through Galicia. Another large river which in part belongs to eastern 

 Galicia is the Pruth, which rises in the Carpathians within the circle 

 of Stanislavof, flows through that circle to the borders of the 

 Bukowine, and passes over into Moldavia below Peutuluy. There 

 are neither canals nor railways in the kingdom. 



Geological Character. Galicia abounds in sandstone, granite, sand 

 of a very superior grain, quartz, slate, yellow and common clay, 

 potters'-earth, yellow ochre, marble, gypsum, &c. Mountain crystals, 

 agates, jaspers, ordinary opal, alabaster, &c., are found in several spots. 

 The Carpathians are rich in metals, particularly iron, which is found 

 along the whole line of the Carpathians, from the circle of Sandecz 

 to the frontiers of the Bukowine ; but the proportion of metal in the 

 ore is small. Bog-iron likewise is met with in the circles of Stry and 

 Zolkief. Gold is obtained in small quantities in two or three places. 

 Veins of silver are found in the lead of Mount Dudul, near that 

 place, and it is also extracted from the calamine obtained near 

 Truskawicze. Native sulphur occurs at Svoszovice, in the circle of 

 Bochnia, and Sklo, in that of Przemysl. Coal is found near Moszyn, 

 Kuty, and Skwarczva. The uothern side of the Carpathians contains 

 enormous masses of rock-salt, and tha country has numerous salt- 

 springs. There are several sulphuretted and other mineral springs. 



Climate, Soil, and Productiona. The climate of Galicia is colder 

 than that of any other possession of Austria, in consequence of the 

 proximity of the Carpathians. The summer is generally short, and 

 the grape never ripens : the winter is very severe for six months at 

 least, and it is not uncommon to see deep snow lying in the middle 

 of April, or an oat-crop buried by the snow in the vicinity of the 

 Carpathian Mountains. The moist and swampy plains in the northern 

 part of the kingdom render that quarter also very chilly and raw. 



The soil is of a very varied character. In the neighbourhood of 

 the Carpathians, where sterile rocks or cold clay abound, the husband- 

 man has difficulty in raising even sufficient barley, oats, and potatoes 

 for his own consumption. But towards the plains, the soil becomes 

 richer and more productive : the most fertile parts are those perhaps 

 about Yaroslaf, such districts in the circle of Zloczof where lime- 

 stone forms the substratum, and the greater portion of the circles of 

 Stanislavof and Kolomea. In many parts the soil is so light that 

 the grass, underwood, and even trees quickly wither under the heat 

 of the sun. 



Agriculture is still in a very backward state in Galicia. The pro- 

 ductive land in Galicia (including the Bukowine, which was not then 

 separated from Galicia), was thus occupied iu 1846: Arable, 

 8,266,698 English acres; meadows and gardens, 2,912,537 acres; 

 pasture, 1,952,440 acres; and woodlands, 6,031,065 acres. The grain 

 grown in the same year was in English quarters : Wheat, 616,844 ; 

 rye, 1,653,721 ; barley, 2,315,513 ; oats, 3,223,434 ; and maize, 116,081 

 quarters. Of potatoes, 38,199,690 bushels were obtained. The vine is 

 very little cultivated, only 42 acres were returned iu 1846 as vine- 

 yards. Peas and beans, potatoes, and other common vegetables, 

 chicory, clover, flax, hemp, tobacco, anise-seed, rape and other seed for 

 making oil, a few hops, &c. are also grown. The supply of fruit is 

 scanty. The forests consist principally of pine-wood, and there are 

 large tracts of underwood. In some parts the oak attains a majestic 

 growth. Tar and potashes are made in considerable quantities. 



A great deal of attention is paid by the government as well as by 

 private individuals to the improvement of the breed of horses. The 

 best native horses of the Polish breed are bred in the western circles. 

 Large droves of horned cattle are fed, the finest being brought from 

 Moldavia. Much has been done towards improving the race of 

 sheep, large numbers of which are raised ; and Galicia now produces 

 some fine wools. In the eastern districts much honey and wax are 

 made. The rivers and small lakes, and ponds, the last of which 

 occupy an area of nearly 200 square miles, are well supplied with 

 fish. The bear, wolf, fox, beaver, roebuck, stag, lynx, marmot, eagle, 

 vulture, swan, heron, wild goose, squirrel, and hare are the principal 

 wild animals. 



The mining industry of Galicia is chiefly confined to iron and salt. 

 The rock-salt mines of Wieliczka are of great magnitude and well 

 known, and produce four-fifths of the whole quantity raised ; the 

 remainder is obtained chiefly from the mines of Bochnia. A fine 

 kitchen-salt is made from the saline springs in the eastern parts of 

 the kingdom. A small quantity of coal ia raised at Myszyn, in the 

 circle of Kolomea, and there are sulphur-pits at Svoszovice. Mineral 

 pitch is distilled into naphtha at the government works in the circles 

 of Sambor, Kolomea, and Stanislavof. 



The manufactures of Galicia are gradually extending, though they 

 are still on a confined scale. The country people in general make 

 the materials for their clothing. The spinning and weaving of flax 

 and hemp give employment to thousands. They manufacture very 

 coarse and durable linen, and in some parts a few fine cloths, damask 

 and table linen, &c. The cotton manufacture is inconsiderable. Much 

 woollen yarn is spun, both by hand and machinery ; and there are 

 small manufactures of coarse woollens in all parts. Paper of inferior 

 quality is made to some extent. Ship-building is carried on princi- 

 pally in the circles of Przemysl and Rzeszof : the produce of deals, 

 staves, &c. is considerable ; and great quantities of utensils, &c. in 

 wood are made. Brandy is manufactured on almost every largo 



