1111 



GALICIA. 



OALICIA. 



entate ; the Jem in particular are considerable distiller*, and hvo 

 ft Urge number of stills at work. Much tobacco and some beet-root 

 sugar are manufactured. Tanning employs many hands ; but the pro- 

 duction of iron, copper, and other metallic articles is limited. Potters' 

 ware of all sorts, ordinary china, glass, and flints may be added 

 to this enumeration. The foreign trade of Oalicia is Terr limited. 

 The exports consist of cattle, skins and hides, wool, grain, salt, timber, 

 potashes, anise seed, hones, Ac. ; and the imports of raw materials frum 

 Hungary, Poland, Russia, Turkey, Ac., and of wines and manufactured 

 goods and colonial produce. 



/Xirtnoiu, Tomt, Ac. Oalicia was divided into 19 circles, but has 

 been lately directed to be formed into three divisions, Limburg, 

 Cracow, and Staninlavof, having for their capitals the towns of the 

 same names. LIMBUBO, the capital of Oalicia, CRACOW (as well as 

 the larger towns within the circle of that name), and BBODT are 

 noticed under their respective titles. The other more important 

 towns we notice here : the population is that of 1850-1. 



Stanularof, or Stanitlaf, the capital of the circle of Stanislavof, 

 population including the suburbs about 9000, is a strongly fortified 

 town situated between the two principal branches of the Bistritio, in 

 48 64" N. lat, 24* 5V E. long., 75 miles B.K. by S. from Limburg. 

 It possesses few public buildings of any consequence, but is a place 

 of some trade. Biala, on the right bank of the Biala, 45 miles 

 W.S.W. from Cracow, population about 4000, has some manufactures 

 of linen cloth. JSocfinta, 25 miles E.S.E. from Cracow, population 

 about 5300, contains a gymnasium and several churches. In the 

 neighbourhood are extensive mines of rock-salt Bntzany, on the 

 Zlota, 50 miles S.E. from Limburg, population 6899, contains several 

 churches, a gymnasium, a castle, and carries on some leather and 

 linen manufactures. l>rohobycz, 40 miles S.S.W. from Limburg, 

 population with the suburbs about 7400, is an ancient town, con- 

 taining several churches, convents and schools. Iron- and salt-mines 

 and pitch-wells are in the vicinity. A large yearly corn and cattle 

 fair is held here. Przemytl, 55 miles W. by S. from Limburg, on the left 

 bank of the Saan, population about 4200, more than half of whom 

 are Jews, is an old walled town containing two or three churches, a 

 monastery, a synagogue, a gymnasium and other schools, an hospital, 

 and the ruins of a castle ; and carries on some manufactures of linen 

 and leather. RZCKOT, on the Wisloka, about 80 miles W. by N. from 

 Limburg, population 4600, about half of whom are Jews, contains 

 churches, schools, a castle, Ac., and has some manufactures of linen 

 and woollen cloths. Sambor, on the left bank of the Dniester, 40 

 miles S.W. from Limburg, population about 6700, contains a court- 

 house, churches, a gymnasium, and other schools ; is the centre of a 

 salt mining district, and has some linen manufactures. About 10 

 miles S. W. from it is the town of Sari Sambor, or Old Satnbor, with 

 a population of 2000. Sanddc, or Aw Sandde, 50 miles S.E. from 

 Cracow, population 5300, is a town of some local importance ; an 

 older town of the same name, Start Sandek, population 3500, lies 

 about 6 miles 8.W. from New Sandek. Tarnopol, on the Send, 85 

 miles E.S.E. from Limburg, population with the suburbs about 10,000, 

 contains several churches, a gymnasium and other schools, and is a 

 place of a good deal of trade. Tremboxla, 20 miles S. from Tarnopol, 

 onoe the capital of an independent principality, is now a small town 

 of about 3000 inhabitants. Wieliczi-a, 9 miles 8.E. from Cracow, 

 population 4700, is chiefly famous for its salt-mine, perhaps the 

 largest and most remarkable in the world ; it yields 35,000 tons of 

 salt annually, and contains within it a rivulet and lake of fresh-water, 

 and a chapel carved out of the salt-rock. Zbaracz, 12 miles N.E. from 

 Tarnopol, population 5642, contains three churches, a monastery, and 

 an ancient castle. 



(fortrnmmt. Education, <kc. The government of Oalicia is on the 

 same footing as that of the other hereditary possessions of Austria. 

 The highest authority in civil affairs is the Board of Provincial Admi- 

 nistration at Limburg. The court of appeal and chief criminal court 

 are in the name town, where also are the head-quarters of the 

 commander-in-chief for Oalicia. 



Of the inhabitants above half are of Polish descent, chiefly located 

 in the western provinces, and next in number are the Kuthenes or 

 Rnsmiaki, a rude, uncivilised race of men, who have spread into the 

 centre of Russia, and are also numerous on the Hungarian side of the 

 Carpathians: they inhabit the circles of Oalicia east of the San. 

 The remaining part of the population consists of 828,806 Jews, who 

 are scattered throughout the kingdom, and a mixed race of Germans, 

 Hungarians, Ac. 



The majority of the inhabitant* (2,236,765) are Roman Catholics : 

 but a nearly equal number (2,194,910) are of the Greek Church, who 

 conform partially to the rites of the Human Catholic Church. There 

 are besides 31,06 of Greek non-conformist*, and 32,714 Protestant*. 

 The Roman Catholics are in ecclesiastical matters in charge of the 

 Archbishop of Limburg and the bishops of Pnomysl and Tarnof. 

 The Armenians, though few in number, have an archbishop at l.im- 

 burg. The OnDCO-Catholics, mostly Kuasniaks, have also their wi> 

 archbithop at Limburg, and a bishop at PrzernysL The Greeks, 

 wholly Moldavians, are under a Greek bishop at Csernovitz in the 

 Bukowine. The Protestants are under a superintendent at Limburg. 



The number of benevolent institutions is considerable, and com- 

 prise* eighteen Christian and three Jewish hospitals or ssylums for the 



sick or diseased, an hospital of the Benevolent Brothers, six hospitals 

 conducted by the Benevolent Sisterhood, above 300 infirmaries and 

 refugees for the indigent, besides several poorhouses. 



The public provision for the general education of the people, has 

 been greatly increased within the last 20 yean : in 1846 it consisted 

 of a university and an academy of art at Liinburg, 4 philosophical 

 and 4 theological seminaries, 13 gymnasia, 10 special and 28 general 

 schools: in all 61 upper schools. The popular schools numbered 

 3063, being 43 head schools, 2195 lower schools, 42 girls' schools, 781 

 adult or repetition schools, and 2 infant schools. 



OALICIA, a province of Spain, is bounded N. by the Bay ot 

 Biscay, S. by Portugal, W. by the Atlantic Ocean, and K. by the 

 provinces of Asturiaa and Leon. It is situated between 41 50 and 

 43 47' N. lat, 6 50' and 9 16' W. long. The greatest length north 

 to south is about 130 miles ; the greatest width east to west is nlmt 

 120 miles. It is divided into the following modern provinces : 



Surface. Thin province is almost entirely covered with mountains 

 and hills, and u intersected by numerous valleys, many of which are 

 narrow, rugged, and difficult of access. There are few plains of any 

 extent. Qalicia forma in fact the western termination of the direct 

 course of the great Cantabrian mountain range. The Sierra de 

 Pehamarela enters Oalicia from the boundary of Asturias and Leon, 

 and taking a northern direction sweeps round by Mondofiedo, after 

 which it turns southward, and passing by Lugo and Orense on the 

 west terminates on the coast between Tuy and Vigo. This mountain 

 range, under the various names of the Sierra de Penamarela, Sierra 

 de Mondohedo, Sierra de Lobo, Monte Faro, and other local denomi- 

 nations, incloses the basin of the Mino and its tributaries, dividing it 

 from the valleys of all the other rivers which enter the Atlantic or 

 the Bay of Biscay. Many of the summits of this series of sierras are 

 covered with snow during a great part of the year. Another offset 

 from the Cantabrian mountain chain passes in a south-south-west 

 direction through the province of Leon, and enters Oalicia at tin- 

 south-eastern angle, whence it extends from east to west to the coast, 

 forming the boundary between Oalicia and Portugal. This latter 

 range shuts in the basin of the Sil, and joins it to that of the Mino, 

 of which the Sil is the largest tributary. 



The coasts of this province are much broken, and are indented by 

 numerous bays and other smaller inlets of the sea, besides which most 

 of the rivera terminate in an sestuary, or rio. There are many promon- 

 tories and headlands, which project some distance into the sea, of 

 which the best known are Cape Estaca and Cape Ortega! on the 

 north coast, and Cape Finisterre on the west coast 



Rireri. The two largest rivers of this province, the Mifio and its 

 affluent the Sil, are confined within the basin formed by the series of 

 sierras which sweep round by Mondonedo, Lugo, and Orense. Nearly 

 all the other rivers flow westward and northward from the exterior 

 flanks of the same series of mountains. The Mino (in Portuguese 

 Minho) rises in the Sierra de Mondonedo, flows southward past Lugo, 

 and then south by west to Orense, about 10 miles above which it 

 receives the Sil, augmented by the Cabe, the Bibey, and other streams, 

 all of which come from the mountains of Astunas and Leon. After 

 passing Orense the Mino flows south -south-west, and then soutl 

 forming part of the boundary between Oalicia and Portugal, ami 

 entering the sea below Tuy and south of Vigo. The Tea rises on tho 

 western flank of Monte Faro, and falls into the Mino above Tnv. 

 The Lerezo, the Ulla, and the Tambre, all flow in a south-west 

 direction, and enter the sea by wide bays or (estuaries, which are 

 named respectively the Ria de Pontevedra, the Ria de Arosa, and tho 

 Ria de Muros y Noyo. 



Climate and Productions The climate is variable, temperate on 

 the coast, but cold in the interior as compared with other provinces 

 of Spain. The skies ore cloudy, and much rain falls. The sides of 

 the hills are well covered with forest-trees, and also with client nut.- 

 trees, which supply much of the food of the peasantry. The valleys 

 supply good pasturage for large numbers of cuttle, and man; 

 mules and asses. The soil is generally stony, but is carefully culti- 

 vated, and produces wheat, barley, maize, flax, abundance of fruit, 

 and a considerable quantity of wine. Swine are reared in considerable 

 numbers, and the hams are in great request The woods abound in 

 game and the streams in fish. The fisheries on the coast are a profit- 

 able branch of industry, and not only supply food for the inhabitants, 

 but are exported largely into Leon and the Castile*. Linen is the 

 chief manufacture ; it is made in considerable quantity and of good 

 quality for domestic use. 



Tovru. Coruha is the capital of Oalicia and the province of 

 Coruha. [COBOSA.] Jlrtaazoi, 10 miles W.S.W. from Cortina, IB 

 situated on a sort of peninsula formed by the junction of two HI : 

 which discharge their united waters into the Bay of Betonzos. It is 



