till 



GARONNE, HAUTE. 



OATE8HEAD. 



inhabitant*. It i* a regular brick-built town, situated in a rich corn 

 country, and ha* manufacture* of coarse woollens, serge, and leather. 

 Vdlrmur-nr-Tam, the looet northern town in the department, staiuU 

 oo the right bank of the Tarn, which U here passed by a suspension- 

 bridge : population, 5473. 



2. In the Moond arrondiasement the chief town, nUtfrmcke de- 

 Lamnyau, stand* in 45' 23' 86' N. lat,, 1* 43' 9' E. long., in a plain 

 of great fertility on the Lers, near the Canal-du-Midi, and ha* a popu- 

 lation of 2870 in the commune. It is the seat of a tribunal of fint 

 imtanro, and ha* manufacture* of aail-oloth, hosiery, blanket*, pottery, 

 and leather. Kertl, the only other place worth mentioning in thin 

 division, stands in the north-eaitern angle of the department, on a hill 

 which command* a fine view over a very fertile country. It ha* 5796 

 inhabitant*, who manufacture stocking*, hate, linen, liqueurs, cotton- 

 yarn, tile*, and leather. 



3. In the third arrondissement the chief town, Hunt, ia situated 

 in 43* 27' 41* N. lat, 1 19' 41* E. long., on the slope of a hill above 

 a beautiful valley at the confluence of the Louge with the Garonne, 

 which U here passed by a fine suspension-bridge. It is a pretty 

 brick-built town with a tribunal of first instance, and 4196 inhabit- 

 ant*, who manufacture coane woollens, delf, and leather. Near 

 Muret a large army under Pedro, king of Aragon, and the count* of 

 Toulouse, Foil, Commingea, and Bearn was defeated with great 

 laughter by the French under Simon de Hontfort, on September 12, 

 1213. The king of Aragon was among the slain. Auttrire, a town 

 of 3272 inhabitant*, who manufacture cloth for soldiers' uniforms, 

 stands on the right bank of the Aricge, which is here navigable and 

 is spanned by a brick bridge. Carbvnnt, on the left bank of the 

 Garonne, opposite to where that river ia joined by the Arize, is a 

 pretty little town with a population of 2293, who manufacture cloth 

 and bricks, and trade in oil and wool. Caiira, 22 miles S.S.W. from 

 Muret, on the Garonne, ia a well-built town with 2471 inhabitants. 

 It ha* tan-yard*, dye-house*, and hat-factories, t'ixtrgabellf, at the 

 junction of the Lers and the Ariege, has 4016 inhabitants. It 

 is a place of some commercial activity; the iron and other pro- 

 duct* of the department of Ariege are put aboard river-craft 

 hare, the Ariege being navigable from this point. Le-Fmutertt, 

 the birth-place of the AbbiS Sicard, the great promoter of the 

 instruction of deaf mutes in France, lies W. of Carbonne, and has 

 a population of 2046. St.-Lyt, W. of Muret, has 4000 inhabitants, 

 who manufacture linen, and trade in charcoal. A/ontaquitu- Yolrtstrt, 

 situated on a height close to the Canal-du-Midi, has 3745 inhabitants, 

 and some manufactures of woollens, drugget, saltpetre, and tiles. 

 Rittv, a well-built town, formerly the seat of a bishop, is prettily 

 situated on the Arize, has a fine church, manufactures of cloth and 

 hats, and 2128 inhabitants. 



4. In the fourth arrondissement, the chief town, Sl.-Oaudtnt, 

 situated on a hill on the left bank of the Garonne, in 43 6' 29" 

 N. lat, 43' 33" E. long., has a tribunal of first instance, a college, 

 a very ancient church, and 4905 inhabitants who manufacture paper, 

 leather, glass, delf, tiles, woollen-stuffs, tape, &c. The town has 

 several flour, oil, and fulling-mills, and trades with Spain in corn, 

 nails, linen yarn, mules, cattle, Ac. From the Esplanade along the 

 river there is a fine view of the scenery of the Pyrenees and the 

 valley of the Garonne. Aipd, S.E. of St-Gaudens, near the torrent 

 of Souheil, in a most picturesque situation, has iron-factories, manu- 

 factures of nails, combs, ftc., and a considerable trade with Spain in 

 pig*. The population of the commune ia 2573. Baynlra-dc-Luthon, 

 famous for its hot sulphureous springs, stands near the head of the 

 valley of Luchon between two mountain streams, the Go and the 

 Pique, which unite a little north of the town to form the Neste-de- 

 Luchon, a feeder of the Garonne. The town which is 20 miles south 

 from St-Gsudrns, and nearly opposite the middle point of the chain of 

 the Pyrenees, is well built, with wide, straight, clean, and well-paved 

 street*. It U in form a triangle, the point* of which terminate in 

 alleys, one shaded with planes, another with sycamores, and the 

 third with limes. The alley of lime* leads from the town to the 

 Ixttbi, and U bordered with house* for the greater part of its length. 

 The neighbourhood abounds with magnificent scenery. The bathing 

 establishment is a large, elegant, and commodious building, fitted 

 up with many marble baths, into each of which water from four 

 springs is conducted by pipes. The waters of Bagneres were known 

 to the Romans, by whom they were named Aqiuc Luonienses ; the 



re-dioovered 



about a century ago, and they are now 



mnotf frequented from the middle of May to the end of October by 

 patient* suffering from skin disease*, glandular swellings, and 

 ttiffrmH joint". The waters are administered in baths, douches, and 

 as drink. Bagnere* ha* an important chocolate manufactory ; roofing 

 slate* are quarried, and copper-mines worked in the neighbourhood. 

 St.-IUat, near which there are white marble and slate quarries, stands 

 on the Garonne, and in a defile through which that river flows on 

 leaving the Val-d'Aran. The town is small, consisting of two streets 

 on opposite aides of the river, and united by a stone bridge : the 

 population is 1374. Sl.-BtrtrantU-de-C'omaiittga, a village of under 

 1000 inhabitants, stands on the site of the ancient Lugdunum 

 Convenarum, near the left bank of the Garonne. It was formerly 

 the chief town of Comminges, and the seat of a bishop ; the former 

 cathedral ia a Urge and interesting structure. There are famous 



marble quarries and marble works near this town. L' llt-rn-ltodon, 

 famous for ite poultry, stands on an island formed by the Save, and 

 ha* 1818 inhabitant*. St.-.Varlory, a picturesque little town at the 

 junction of four high roads on the Garonne, which is here erosisd 

 by a fine bridge, has 1147 inhabitants, ifontnyean, beautifully 

 situated on a plateau at the foot of the Pyrenees, and near the 

 junction of the Neate with the Garonne, is a neat and well-built town 

 with 3081 inhabitant*. The magnificent scenery of the Pyrenean 

 Mountains contrast* beautifully with the smiling landscapes and 

 rich valleys watered by the two rivers in the neighbourhood of this 

 town. A fine marble bridge of six arches crosses the Garonne here. 

 Stockings and leather are the leading manufactures of the town, 

 which trades also in corn, cattle, mules, poultry, timber, oak-staves, 

 &c. Saliet, is a small place on the Saint, over which a suspension- 

 bridge is thrown. There is a fine salt spring near it. 



The greater part of the territory now included in Haute-Garonne 

 was inhabited in ancient times by the Volcao Tectosages, whose capital 

 was Tolosa, now Toulouse. The Romans incorporated this part of 

 Gaul with Narbonenais. From the Romans the dominion passed to 

 the Visigoths, who maintained themselves in the kingdom of Tolosa 

 till the 8th century, when they were expelled by the Saracen*, whn 

 in tlieir turn were driven out by Pepin. Charles, brother of Carlo- 

 man, founded the kingdom of Aquitaine, of which Toulouse was the 

 capital, for his son, who being too young, the government was placed 

 in the hands of dukes or counts in A.D. 788, and it is to this time that 

 the creation of counts of Toulouse is referred. On the union of the 

 kingdom of Aquitaine to the crown of France under Louis-le-Bcgue, 

 the counts of Toulouse became independent, and retained the 

 sovereignty of the county till 1270, when it was re-united tu the crown 

 by Philippe-le-Hardi. 



The department forms the see of the Archbishop of Toulouse and 

 Narboune, is included in the jurisdiction of the Cour Royale and of 

 the University Academy of Toulouse, aud belongs to the 12th 

 Military Division, of which Toulouse is head-quarters. It returns 

 four members to the Legislative Body of the French empire. 



(Dictionnaire de la France; Statiitique de la France; Official 

 Paperi.) 



OARRIGILL. [CUMBERLAND.] 



GARROW HILLS. [HINDUSTAN.] 



iAKSTANG, Lancashire, a small market-town, and the seat of a 

 Poor-Law Union in the parish of Garstang, is situated on the right 

 bank of the river Wyre, in 53 64' N. lat, 2 46' W. long. ; distant 

 11 miles S. by E. from Lancaster, and 229 miles N.W. from London l,y 

 road. Garstang station of the Preston and Lancaster railway, whicli 

 is one and three-quarter miles from Garstang, is 218} miles 

 London. The population of the town in 1851 was 839. The living 

 is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry of Lancaster and diocese of 

 Manchester. Garstang Poor-Law (,'nion contains 23 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 54,272 acres, aud a population in 1851 

 of 23,454. 



Garstang was incorporated by Charles II. ; the corporation consists 

 of a bailiff and seven capital burgesses, who have scarcely any 

 functions. The town-boll, erected in 1755, is situated in the market- 

 place. The pariah church, a commodious edifice, in nearly two miles 

 from the town, in a part of the parish called Garstang Churchtown. 

 In the parish are a chapel of ease, and chapels for Independents, 

 Wesleyan Methodists, and Roman Catholics. Garstang possesses a 

 Free Grammar school, with an income from endowment of 367, a year ; 

 the number of scholars in 1851 was 26. There are also a National 

 school, a Roman Catholic Charity school, and at Churchtown a Free 

 school The Lancaster Canal crosses the river Wyro by a fine 

 aqueduct near the town. Cotton-spinning and paper-making employ 

 some of the inhabitants ; and there are corn-mills and worsted-mills 

 on the river Wyre. The market is held on Thursday, and several 

 fairs are held in the course of the year. 



GATT.HI >rsi;. [KnKoronmmBB.] 



GATKSII KA I ), Durham, a market-town, municipal and parliament- 

 ary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union in the parish of 

 Gateshead, is situated on the right bank of the river Tyne, in .' ' 

 N. lat, 1 35' W. long., -distant 14 miles N. by W. from Durham, 

 274 miles N. by W. from London by road, and 277 miles by the 

 Great Northern and York Newcastle and Berwick railways. The 

 borough is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, one of whom 

 is mayor; and returns one member to the Imperial Parliament Knr 

 sanitary purposes the borough is under the management of a Local 

 Board of Health. The population of the borough in 1851 was 

 25,668. The livings are rectories in the archdeaconry and diocese of 

 Durham. Gateshead Poor-Law Union contains nine parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 24,271 acres, and a population in 1851 

 of 48,086. 



Gateshead forms in effect one town with Newcastle, the county 

 town of Northumberland, on the opposite side of the Tyne, with 

 which it is united by a handsome stone bridge, and by a magnificent 

 high level bridge in connection with the York Newcastle and Berwick 

 railway. Gateshead is supposed to have been a fortified Roman 

 station. Numerous coins and other Roman antiquities have been 

 discovered here. There are two principal streets; one descending 

 towards the bridge U so steep as to be almost impassable for carriages 



