1IM 



OKNEVA. 



GENOA. 



11M 



citizens and the bishop on one ride, and the count* of Oenerou, a 

 feudal dynasty which sprung into existence from the wreck of the 

 old kingdom of Burgundy, and which ruled the adjoining province 

 of Savoy, which is still called Genevese, and of which Aunrcy is the 

 capital. These count* claimed jurisdiction orer the town of Genera, 

 The line of the counts of Oeneroi* becoming extinct in the 14th 

 century, their inheritance escheated to the house of Savoy, who 

 obtained the investiture of it from the emperor Rigismund in H-J ; 

 and hence are derived the claim* of the duke* of Savoy over Geneva, 

 claims however never completely enforced. At the Reformation, 

 which was established in Geneva and generally all through Switzer- 

 land by the exertion* of Calvin, the bishop quitted Geneva, and 

 retired to Annecy, and from that epoch the town governed itself as an 

 independent municipality, and formed an alliance with the Swiss 

 canton* of Berne and Freyburg, and afterwards Zurich. The dukes 

 of Savoy, after several fruitless attempts to reduce Geneva by force 

 or surprise, acknowledged it* independence by the treaty of St. 

 Julien in 1603. 



In the 18th century the canton of Geneva was distracted by 

 interior feuds between aristocratic families and the popular party. 

 Then trouble* furnished the French Directory with a pretence for 

 ***"g it by force, and incorporating it with Franco in April 1 798 

 under the name of the department ' Uu L<5tnan.' In 1814 it was occu- 

 pied by the Austrian*, and was soon after restored by the allied 

 power* to it* independence as a canton of the Swiss Confederation. 



The town of Geneva, the metropolis of Calvinism on the continent 

 of Europe, is built on two hills separated by the Rhone, where it 

 issue* out of the lake. The larger part of the town is built on the 

 south side of the river. The Rhone forms an island within the town, 

 which is also built upon and is a separate district, joined to the two 

 banks by bridges. The district on the north bank is called St-Gervaia. 

 A smaller island, at the very point where the Rhone issues from the 

 lake, is planted with trees and forms a public promenade, which is 

 adorned with the statue of Rousseau. A handsome suspensioh-bridge 

 connect* both banks of the river with the island. A handsome quay 

 with fine buildings ha* also been constructed along the south or left 

 bank of the Rhone. The streets in the old part of the town (St.- 

 Gerrais) are narrow and steep, the house* high, and the appear- 

 ance of the streets rather gloomy. The most remarkable buildings 

 are the cathedral church of St-Pierre, the handsome front and portico 

 of which were restored in the 18th century ; the town-hall, which is a 

 very old and massive building ; the hospital ; the Muse'e Rath, which 

 ha* some good paintings; the college, with a library of 50,000 

 volume* ; the observatory; the Hotel de* Bergues, one of the largest 

 and finest in Europe; and the penitentiary. The house in which 

 Calvin lived and died is still shown in the Rue des Chanoincs, and 

 also the house in which Jean Jacques Rousseau was born. Geneva 

 abounds with means of education. There is the Academy or Univer- 

 sity with four faculties theology, law, science, and belles-lettres, 

 with forty professors ; the schools of drawing and architecture, indus- 

 trial schools where they teach mathematics, physics, and chemistry 

 applied to the arts ; a school for music ; besides elementary and other 

 school*. There are also societies of arts, of medicine, of physics, and 

 natural history ; and a reading society, which has a library of above 

 80,000 volumes ; a museum of natural history ; a cabinet of medals ; a 

 botanical garden, and other scientific institutions. Geneva is 33 miles 

 8.W. from Lausanne, and about 80 miles 8.W. from Berne. Towards 

 this latter town a railroad has been projected following the curve of 

 the northern shore of the lake as far as the village of Morges, thence 

 running to Yverdun on the Lake of NeuchAtel, along the southern 

 shores of this lake and that of Moral, and thence eastward to Berne. 

 Steamboat* ply daily on the Lake of Geneva, which is described under 

 LENA*. In May 1850 the population of Geneva and its suburbs 

 amounted to 37,724. 



By the constitution previous to 1847 a council of state consisting of 

 24 members had alone the initiative of the lawn. The projects of 

 laws were laid before the representative council, cons-Sating of 274 

 members, which accepted or refused, and might make amendments, 

 with certain restrictions. The members ,of the representative council 

 were elected for nine year* by all the native* of either town or terri- 

 tory above twenty-five years of age, who paid seven florins of direct 

 taxes, and who were neither paupers, bankrupt*, nor servant*, and 

 had not been condemned in any criminal process. The represen- 

 tative council named the members of the council of state for eight 

 years; it also fixed the annual budget of the canton and the 

 municipal budget <-f the town, and appointed the judges and magis- 

 trate*. In 1840 the Catholic cantons of Switzerland formed them- 

 selves into a separate league (Sondorbund) in order to defend them- 

 Mlve* again* the attack* of the Free Corp* which had invaded 

 Lucerne in 1845 under Ochsenbein and been defeated. The General 

 diet of the Confederation on the proposal of the canton of Zurich 

 decided (September 5, 1846) that the Bonderbund was illegal, to which 

 decision almost all the ProtetUnt cantons adhered. The grand 

 council of Genera however declined to accede to the proposal unless 

 means were adopted to preserve the peace of the Confederation, and 

 to prevent any further attack* by the Free Corp*. Two days after- 

 wards (October 6) the radical party in the canton demanded the 

 ' I of UM decision. On the 8th the council of gtate resigned 



it* power to the municipal council of Geneva, and a provisional govern- 

 ment with the radical leader* a* it* members was appointed. 



GENEVA, LAKE OK. [LEMAX, LAKK.] 



I.VHK, MONT. (ALPES, HAUTKB; ALPS.] 

 A RET. [PALESTINE.] 



GE'NOA, or more correctly GENOVA, Duchy of, one of the 

 administrative divisions of the kingdom of Sardinia, occupies, with 

 the intervening coast, that portion of the Ligurian Apennines which 

 lies at the head of the Gulf of Genoa, between 44 3' and 44" 50' 

 N. lat, and 6 20' and 10 5' K. long. It is bounded W. by the 

 administrative division of Savone, N. by that of Alessandria, K. I'V 

 the duchy of Massa belonging to Modena, and S. by the Mediter- 

 ranean. The area is 1257 square miles. The population in 1848 was 

 545,182. The small islands of Palmaria and Tino, at the entrance of 

 the Bay of Spezzia, and that of Capraja, near Corsica, belong to the 

 duchy of Genoa. 



Cotut-lint, Surface. The average breadth of the country is barely 

 74 miles, but about the middle near Genoa, it is 25 miles. The 

 coast line does not exceed 100 miles. Along the coast are numerous 

 indentations, which form several good harbours, and two spacious 

 bays, Rapallo, and the magnificent Bay or Gulf of Spezzia, the Portus 

 Lumc of the Romans. The surface of the country present* a suc- 

 cession of mountainous slopes and terraces, broken by valleys and 

 ravines. The Apennines cover the greater part of the surface of the 

 duchy, curving round the gulf at the distance of a few miles from 

 south-west to north-east, and forming two slopes, from the northern 

 of which descend the Bormida, the Orba, the Scrivia, the Staffora, and 

 the Trebbia, all feeders of the Po, while the Gulf of Genoa receives from 

 the southern slope the Polcevera, the Besagno, tho Sturla, the Vara, 

 and the Magra, all of them streams of little importance. 



From the nature of the country there can only be one main 

 line of road traversing the length of the duchy. But this road u 

 an excellent one, running along the Riviere di Ponente (western 

 shore) from the city of Genoa to Savona, and along the Riviera 

 di Levante (eastern shore) from Genoa to Sorzina, and disclosing 

 innumerable views of the most picturesque beauty. The trans- 

 verse roods, which fall iuto this main road, are the terminations 

 of those from Piedmont and Lombardy. The only railway in the 

 duchy is the southern portion of the Turin and Genoa railway, which 

 is now open to the latter city. 



The prevalent rocks are of the mognesian limestone, and carboni- 

 ferous systems. Statuary and other marble, alabaster, limestone, 

 slate, coal, and asbestos are obtained. The soil is for the most part 

 rocky and but moderately productive, but the industry of the inhabit- 

 ants has turned to advantage every spot capable of cultivation. The 

 climate is temperate and on the whole salubrious, and the air is 

 remarkably pure. The winds in the mountain ravines are however 

 bitterly cold in winter, occasioning among the inhabitants a tendency 

 to pulmonary complaints; and the sirocco sometimes exerts its noxious 

 influence. The chief productions are oranges, lemons, and citron*, 

 light wine, oil, chestnuts, silk, cotton, hemp, with figs, pomegranates, 

 almonds, and other excellent fruits. . There ore t-xteusive forest* and 

 fine pastures on the mountain slopes. 



The Geuoese are a robust and good-looking people ; shrewd, , 

 industrious, frugal, and parsimonious. They speak one of the most 

 difficult Italian dialects, and have a few books of poetry printed in it. 

 They are well calculated for commerce, which is their real element. 

 The Rivieras, or maritii . ImnMi tho best Bailors iu tho 



Mediterranean, and the Sardinian navy is chiefly manned l.y them. 

 Genoese vessels trade to the Levant, the Black Sea, the Baltic, to 

 America, and even to the coasts of the Pacific. The principal articles 

 of export are silk, rice, hemp, oil, and paper. There are 'at Genoa 

 manufactories of silk stiili*, of \vnolKns, cmhroiden -d cambrics, and 

 muslins, plain and ornamental furniture, paper, jeweller}-. 



Diriiiont, Towni, *c. The duchy i divided into 4 provinces, which 

 with the area, ' mandameiiti,' and population in each, are as follows : 



Tin Province of Chiavari lies between the provinces of Genova and 

 Levante, and is watered by the Vara, a feeder of the Magra, and the 

 torrent of Rapallo, which falls into the Bay of Rapallo. The strip of 

 land along the coast is very productive ; the mountains abound with 

 chestnut woods. The inhabitants are chiefly employed on the sea. 

 Ckiavari, the capital of the province, is beautifully situated on tho 

 Bay of Rapallo; it is a well-built busy town, with about 10,000 

 inhabitant*. The streets are narrow, and the houses, many of which 

 are of a rather superior kind, are generally built on open arcades. 

 It has several splendid though not very tasteful churches; the 

 principal, that of Madonna-del-Orto, is annexed to the ecclesiastical 

 seminary. The Franciscan convent, in the great square, is an imposing 



