Geology 



blowing from the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream is 

 responsible for the dense fogs which so frequently 

 prevail off the coast of Newfoundland, and which render 

 the presence of floating ice still more perilous. 



There seems to be little doubt that the climate of 

 Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia is colder 

 than what is normal for the latitude, owing to the in- 

 fluence of this stream of cold water. 



The circulation in the Pacific Ocean is strikingly 



similar to that of the Atlantic, as reference to a map 



will show, and as the shapes of the two oceans are very 



>" ^ different, we must look for some 



\ \^f other cause to explain the likeness. 



< (((( < ^( There can be little doubt that 



X^< the movement is primarily set up 

 ^S by the action of the trade winds upon 

 FIG. 4. The feathered the surface of the waters. These 



arrows represent the i \_ \ i ^r 



direction of the ocean wmds ; blowing always m the same 

 current, the unfeathered direction, draw the surface waters 

 those of the winds. along with them, and the two 

 streams produced, meeting, follow a mean direction 

 towards the west (Fig. 4). It is obvious that 

 these winds are a competent cause of the circulation, 

 which is a purely surface phenomenon and does 

 not affect the deeper waters, but if any proof be re- 

 quired, it is forthcoming in a comparison of the currents 

 of the Atlantic and Pacific with those of the northern 

 part of the Indian Ocean where, as has already been 

 seen, the trade winds do not prevail, but are replaced 

 by the monsoons. Here the currents are variable and 

 ill-marked, flowing at one season in one and at other 

 times in the opposite direction. 



52 



