76 GRAND STRATEGY OF EVOLUTION 



tions, there is no way to measure, or define, or classify 

 them except in terms of what they do constructively, 

 or destructively. For that reason, every one is ulti- 

 mately compelled to use the basic, all-embracing terms, 

 good and evil, or their equivalents, to express the re- 

 sults of his experience. Science will gain far more 

 than she will lose by including these elemental terms 

 in her vocabulary. 



In animal behavior, there are but two really signi- 

 ficant classes of acts, or movements ; one leading up to 

 what is good for the animal, the other away from what 

 is evil. One kind of action results in growth, or the 

 enlargement of the individual ; the other, in saving it, 

 or by avoiding or preventing its destruction. One kind 

 of action, in the main, leads up the supply lines to their 

 sources, the other down the danger lines, away from 

 destructive agencies. In one kind, the increasing stim- 

 ulus of food and the increasing attainment of well- 

 being and power lead the animal directly toward the 

 source of the stimulating constructive agencies; in the 

 other, the increasing stimulus of ill-being and the loss 

 of power, lead the animal away from the source of 

 that particular stimulus, into neutral territory, but 

 otherwise in no particular direction, nor into any par- 

 ticular place. Thus one kind leads from many direc- 

 tions to a few good things ; the other, away from a few 

 evil things, in many directions. One, therefore, directs 

 and centralizes; the other distributes. One ultimately 

 unites the animal with its bodily materials and powers, 

 such as food, light, and oxygen, or with its comple- 

 mental sex; the other repels it, or divorces it from de- 

 structive, or offensive agents. One ultimately leads it 

 in the pathways of further cooperative action t increas- 



