io6 GRAND STRATEGY OF EVOLUTION 



tential* powers of life are thereby enlarged, and its 

 larger possibilities in a measure realized. 



The same thing is true of the man-wheat combina- 

 tion, even though its constituents are so unlike in all 

 which concerns their origin and the conditions which 

 surround their individual lives. 



Thus organic progress can never be achieved 

 through any form of parasitism, wherein the parasite 

 purchases a cheap, momentary success of assured place 

 and volume of growth at the expense of a more highly 

 organized host, and the loss of its own organic struc- 

 ture and freedom of action. Even if a condition is 

 established, that permits the continuation of both lives 

 in unison, where one does all the giving and the other 

 all the receiving, no new power of service is born of 

 the union. A man-tapeworm association is in no wise 

 a more widely serviceable or effective instrument than 

 a man and a tapeworm not in association. It is clear 

 that parasite and host do not yield a common profit. 

 It is always a losing game for both participants. 



The same conditions underlie all forms of associ- 

 ative competition. Complete success of either compe- 

 titor tends to create a condition of dominion, or slavery, 

 ending in the extinction of the other, or of both com- 

 petitors. The competitor that grows, and earns his 

 survival, always does so because there is better cooper- 

 ation in his own affairs than in the one that failed. 

 Neither competitor can survive and continue to grow, 

 without improving its self-saving, cooperative system; 

 and both can do so only through concessions and mutual 

 service in their common interests. 



