BENEVOLENCE AND DISCIPLINE 163 



profits for all. In purpose, both tendencies are wholly 

 egoistic ; but the one, unchecked, leads to death in des- 

 potism; the other, unchecked, to social chaos, and to 

 death in social disintegration. 



But democracy is always open as a way of retreat 

 from despotism to the more stable basis of equal rights; 

 and despotism is the way out of disintegration to the 

 more stable basis of unity in compulsory service. 

 Neither tendency can wholly accomplish its purpose. 

 The resultant of both is some gain for each, in unity, 

 stability, and mutual service. 



This resultant increase, or common profit in better 

 cooperative action through the striving of the few with 

 the many and the many with the few, in alternating 

 partial failure and partial success for each, is a univer- 

 sal creative law, applicable to all constructive processes. 



It is not surprising that the Constitution of the 

 United States, formulated as it was with the spirit of 

 democracy in the ascendent, contains no specific man- 

 dates; while individual freedom, and equal rights be- 

 fore the law, are strongly emphasized. In that re- 

 spect, it does not constitute an organic contract between 

 men comparable with that contract which is inherent 

 in every natural object, or organized body in nature; 

 for in all such bodies, each and every constituent part 

 of that body must give to the other constituents and 

 must receive from them, specific services to a common 

 end, otherwise that object cannot exist, or endure. In 

 other words, the constitution is not a purposeful co- 

 operative covenant, or compact, wherein each and every 

 citizen agrees, and thereby recognizes his obligations, 

 to perform specific services for the state in return for 

 specific services performed by the state for him; or 



