164 GRAND STRATEGY OF EVOLUTION 



one wherein the partners to the agreement are purpose- 

 fully cooperating for a specified common result. No 

 specific obligation to contribute services to the other 

 under penalty of diminished returns from the other is 

 therein laid upon either state, or citizen. Certain ways 

 in which either the state, or the individual citizen, may 

 act without liability to legal penalties are specified; 

 and the penalties are specified that may be legally im- 

 posed upon either one if either acts in specified ways. 

 But otherwise no specific obligations are recognized by 

 them in legal terms, or can be legally exacted from 

 them ; no common purpose in civic law is defined ; and 

 no specific system of morality, or of constructive con- 

 duct, is legally required. It is often assumed, not 

 without protest, that these moral omissions in civic law 

 are adequately provided for in ordinary intelligence, 

 or may be supplied by universal education in the ele- 

 ments of science and religion, and the duties of citi- 

 zenship. 



8. Discipline in Religion. Religion is more speci- 

 fic in its mandates, less specific in its restrictions, than 

 democracy. 



In early Christianity, the concept of religious dis- 

 cipline is said to be based on a cooperative covenant be- 

 tween Jehovah and his chosen people in which there 

 was recognized the obligation to serve God in return 

 for his blessings. At a later period in the evolution 

 of Christianity, the covenant was expressed in the 

 promise to save all those who believed in Jesus. The 

 basic concept of Christian morality was mutual serv- 

 ice, under the directive discipline of a superior power, 

 and with the prospective alternative of receiving the 

 greatest possible reward, or the worst possible punish- 



