RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS si 



to Guatemala and Cuba, breeding over most of the United States and 

 southern Canada. 



Nest. In marsh, under shelter of tall grass, composed of dry ^/ass. 

 Eggs : 6 to 10, creamy white, spotted with brown and lilac. 



The Virginia rail is common in almost all suitable marshes, whether 

 salt or fresh, throughout the United States, but like all of its short- 

 winged kina it prefers a game of hide and seek to laborious flight, 

 and is more often heard than seen. If you try to tramp one out of 

 the marsh it will cackle and laugh on the right and then on the left 

 of you, without ever showing itself ; but if you sit quietly on the 

 bank of a grassy, reedy pond or stream where one lives, it will soon 

 come peeking and peering at you between the stems. 



VERNON BAILEY. 



GENUS PORZANA. 

 General Characters. Bill decidedly shorter than tarsus ; sexes similar. 



KEY TO SPECIES. 



1. Upper parts blackish coturniculus, p. 82. 



1'. Upper parts not blackish. 



2. Upper parts olive brown, back streaked longitudinally with 



white Carolina, p. 81. 



2'. Upper parts dark buff, back cross-lined with white, 



noveboracensis, p. 82. 



Subgenus Porzana. 

 214. Porzana Carolina (Linn.). CAROLINA RAIL: SOBA. 



Adults. Upper parts olive brown, spotted with black and finely lined 



rwith white ; middle of crown, face, and throat black ; breast 

 and cheeks bluish gray, sides barred black and white ; belly 

 whitish; middle of lower tail coverts buff. Immature: simi- 

 lar to adult but without black face or bluish gray breast. 

 Length: 7-85-9.75, wing 4.15-4.30, bill .75-.90, tarsus 1.25- 

 1.35. 

 Distribution. Temperate North America from Hudson 

 Bay and British Columbia south to northern South America, 

 Fig. 91. breeding over most of its United States and Canadian range. 

 Nest. Usually on tussock in marsh, made of dry grasses 

 or sedges. Eggs : usually 7 to 10, but sometimes 14 to 16, grayish olive, 

 spotted with reddish brown and purplish. 



Carolina rails are the commonest of their family over the eastern 

 and middle United States, or at least, being more commonly meadow 

 birds, are oftener seen than the other species ; but in the west they 

 are less common than the Virginia rail. To avoid flying, when their 

 field is being mowed they will often stay in the fast narrowing strip 

 of grass until they must go or meet the sharp teeth of the sickle, 

 when perhaps a dozen will rise one after another and fly to fresh 

 cover. 



