' The discussion is sufficiently extended to indicate the importance of care in bedding culvert pipe 

 and sewers and in filling over them, and to indicate the great difference in the amount of bending 

 moment developed with different conditions of bedding and filling. Where there is any question 

 of needed strength, it will be money well expended to use care and precaution in bedding the pipe 

 and in filling around and over it. I am convinced that a little extra expense will add considerable 

 stability, life, strength, and safety to such structures, far out of proportion to the added cost. 

 It is possible that under careful conditions of laying, lighter structures may be used with a saving 

 in the cost of construction." 



^ n The following extract is taken from an article, in Engineering Contracting of Dec. 29, 1909, 



Endorsement. on Methods and Cost of Constructing Concrete Sewers at Richmond, Ind., by Mr. Fred R. Charles, 

 City Engineer. 



"We used plain rods, twisted rods and lug bars, our experience showed that the lug bars 

 were the best of the three as they were easier maintained in position. But this method of 

 reinforcement, although affording ample strength, was tedious to place and hard to keep placed, 

 and after thoroughly trying it a change was made to Expanded Metal, which speedily proved itself 

 much superior in these respects." 



