INTRODUCTION 



The plans and data in the sketches embodied in this pamphlet are self explanatory. 

 Examples are given of the standards adopted by the State and Town Highway Commissions 

 of New York and of the Pennsylvania State Highway Department. Also examples are 

 given of all-reinforced concrete culverts, including different designs of wing or head walls, 

 floor systems and other details. This will enable an inquirer to select a design in accord- 

 ance with his special needs. Attention is called to the quantities of material in most cases 

 given, which have been prepared with painstaking care. These quantities, we believe, 

 will be found of great help in comparing costs. 



In New York State and Town Highway Standards reference is made to 2nd and 3rd 

 class concrete. The following extract from the specifications is explanatory: 



"Concrete will be classified as follows: First-class, second-class, third-class. 



' 'First-class concrete shall be made of 1 part Portland cement, 2 parts clean sand or 

 crusher dust, resulting from the breaking of hard trap, hard sandstone, granite or gneiss, 

 and four parts of crushed stone, all measured in loose bulk in boxes or forms of known 

 capacity satisfactory to the engineer. 



' 'Crushed stone for first-class concrete shall be trap, granite or gneiss, satisfactory to 

 the Commission. 



' 'Second-class concrete shall be made of 1 part Portland cement, 2^ parts of clean, 

 approved sand or crusher dust, and 5 parts of crushed stone or screened washed gravel if 

 permitted by the Engineer, all measured in loose bulk in boxes or forms of known capacity 

 satisfactory to the Engineer. 



