CONIFERS. 263 



placed leaves, flowers, and inflorescences ; in the others they are 

 placed spirally), but chiefly in the greater or less degree of union 

 which takes place between the female flower (the leaf -like " sym- 

 phyllodiurn") and its supporting cover-scale, and in the position of 

 the ovules (the micropyle being turned upwards or downwards). 

 The " cone-scales " in Abietacece are formed by " symphyllodia " 

 alone, in the others by their union with the cover-scale. 



Order I. Araucariaceae. This order most frequently has 

 solitary ovules, turned downwards and attached to the centre of the 

 cone-scales. In Agathis (Dammara} the arrangement is the most 

 simple, a winged seed (Fig. 265), which hangs freely downwards, 

 being borne in the centre of the undivided cone-scale. In Arau- 

 caria, the stamens with the free, pendulous pollen-sacs have been 

 represented in Fig. 242 ; the ovuliferous scale is united for nearly 



V A 



265. 266. 



FIG-. 265. AgatMs (Dammara) australis. Cone-scale with the seed. A Longitudinal 

 section ; A' from within ; fo, fv' vascular bundles ; v wing. 



FIG. 266. Cunninghamia sinensis. Cone-scale with three ovules, interior view : d cover- 

 scale ; / ovuliferous scale. 



its whole length with the bract, and projects from its apex in the 

 shape of a sheath-like, dentate scale, resembling the ligule in 

 Isoetes, and may therefore be termed a " ligule." Araucaria (S. 

 America, Australia) has often rather broad leaves (A. brasiliensis) . 

 The ovuliferous scale in Cunninghamia is more distinct, and 

 stretches transversely over the entire cover-scale ; it bears three 

 inverted ovules (Fig. 266) (Eastern Asia). 



Dammara -resin, which is used for varnish, is obtained from Agathis 

 (Dammara) species (New Zealand, Philippine Islands). 



Order 2. Abietaceae (Pine and Fir Trees). The leaves 

 are spirally arranged and needle-like. The flowers are monoecious. 



