QUERCIFLORJi). 345 



instance is also long and cylindrical. The cupule in C. betulus is 

 3-lobed, and to a slight extent only embraces the base of the 

 ribbed nut (Fig. 331) ; each lobe corresponds to a floral-leaf. 

 Whilst the carpels are placed medianly in Corylus, in Carpinus, on the other 

 hand, they are situated transversely, as in the case of the Betnlacece. The 

 lamina of the leaf is not conduplicate in the bud, but flat, and folded only along 

 the lateral veins, which are also indicated in the form of the fully-developed leaf ; 

 otherwise the vegetative characters are essentially the same as in the Hazel. 

 The cotyledons are aerial. Ostrya resembles the Hornbeam, but the cupule 

 completely envelopes the nut, as a sac open at the apex (Eur., N. Am., Japan). 



N. Am., Asia, and Europe ; 25 species. Fossil forms in the Oligocene. Wind- 

 pollinated. USES. As timber (Carpinus betulus) and firewood. The fruits of 

 C. avellann (ordinary Hazel-nut), C. tubulosa (Lambert's nut) and C. column 

 (Turkish Filbert) are edible. 



FIG. 330. Dingrams of the <J -flovrcr (;!) of Con/lus FIG. 331. Nm. of the Hornbeam 



and the dichasiumof the ? -flowers (). with cupule. 



Order 3. Cupuliferae. Monoecious. The inflorescences make 

 their appearance with the leaves, arising in the axils of the leaves 

 of the same year. A woody cupule furnished externally with scales 

 or spines is common, and surrounds 1-several flowers (the cupule 

 in the Corylacese never encloses more than a single flower or fruit). 

 The ^-flower has a united perianth, which is, however, 4-6 partite, 

 and encloses an indefinite number of undivided stamens. The ? - 

 flower has a superior, 6-merous perianth (3 + 3, compare Figs. 

 332 D, 334) ; the gynceceum is formed of 3 (or in Castanea 4-6) 

 carpels with a corresponding number of stigmas (Figs. 332 D, 

 H ; 334, 335) ; and the ovary has at the base 3 (-6) loculi (Fig. 

 333), each of which has 2 pendulous anatropous ovules ; the fruit 

 is a one-seeded nut (Figs. 332 E, 336). 



The cupule of the Cupulifera3, according to the opinion of 

 Eichler, is formed by united bracteoles (compare Fig. 333, where 



