POLYCARPICJ:. 389 



species), sometimes coloured like the others; the perianth is sometimes many- 

 seriate. Numerous spirally -placed stamens and carpels. The latter are situated 

 on the elongated, cylindrical receptacle, and are individually more or less united, 

 except in Liriodendron, where they are free. This last genus has winged achenes ; 

 the fruitlets in Magnolia open along the dorsal and ventral sutures, and the 

 seeds then hang out, suspended by elastic threads formed from the vascular 

 bundles of the funicle and raphe ; they are red and drupaceous, the external 

 layer of the shell being fleshy a very rare occurrence. 



B. ILLICIE.E has no stipules. The carpels are situated in a whorl on a short 

 receptacle. Follicles, one-seeded. The leaves are dotted by glands containing 

 essential oil. Illicium ; Dniiujs. 



70 species ; in tropical or temperate climates ; none in Europe or Africa. They 

 are chiefly used as ornamental plants, e.g. the Tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipi- 

 fera, N. Am.), Magnolia grandiflora (N. Am.), M. yulan and fuscata (China), 

 and others. The remains of Liriodendron occur as fossils in the Cretaceous 

 and Tertiary periods. The fruits of Illicium anisatum (Star-aniseed from 

 Eastern Asia) are OFFICINAL. The bark of Drimys winteri (S. Am.) is also 

 strongly aromatic. 



Order 6. Calycanthaceae. These are very closely related to the Magnoliaceae, 

 but differ in having perigynous flowers with many perianth-leaves, stamens 

 and (about 20) carpels in a continuous spiral, seeds almost devoid of endos2)erm 

 with rolled up, leaf-like cotyledons, and leaves opposite on a square stem. There 

 are some species in N. America (Calycanthus florida, occidentalis, etc.) and 

 1 in Japan (Chimonanthus prcccox), all strongly aromatic. 



Order 7. Monimiaceae. Aromatic shrubs with opposite leaves. Perigynous 

 flowers. The anthers dehisce by valves like those of the Lauracece, and the 

 Mouimiaceas may thus be considered as an apocarpous form of this order. They 

 are also closely related to Calycanthacea. 150 species, tropical. Hedycarya, 

 Mollinedia, Monimia. 



Order 8. Berberidaceae (Barberries). The regular, $, 

 hypogyiious flowers are dimerous or trimerous and have regu- 

 larly alternating whorls of free sepals, petals, and stamens and 



FIG. 334. Diagram of Berleds. FIG. 385. Berbm's : carpel with 2 stamens. 



1 unilocular carpel : the corolla and stamens have each 2 whorls, 

 the calyx at least 2. The anthers open, as in Lauraceee, by 

 (2) valves, but are always introrse (Fig. 384). The pistil has 



