394 



DICOTYLEDONES. 



Capparidacese, in which perigynous flowers are found. A few Papaveracese and 

 Fumariaceae have trimerous flowers. 'In Fumaria and certain Cruciferae, the 

 fruit is a nut. The Fumariaceas have zygoinorphic flowers. Trees and shrubs 

 are almost entirely confined to the Capparidaceas, in which order stipules also 

 are found. 



Order 1. Papaveracese (Poppies). Herbaceous plants with 

 stiff hairs and latex ; flowers regular (Fig. 391) with generally 2 

 (-3) sepals (which fall off as the flower opens), 2 + 2 petals (im- 

 bricate and crumpled in the bad) without spur, numerous stamens in 

 several alternating whorls (generally a multiple of 2) ; carpels 2- 

 several, united into a unilocular gynoeceum. Trimerous flowers 

 also occur. Capsule with very numerous seeds on the parietal 

 placentae ; embryo small, with large, oleaginous endosperm (Fig. 

 392). The leaves have no stipules and are generally pinnately 

 lobed. 



FIG. 391 A Diagram of the flower of 

 Glaucium and tue dichasium (which 

 becomes transformed into a scorpioid 

 cyme). Papaver argemone, transverse 

 section of the ovary with indication of 

 the position of the stigmas. 



FIG. 39.'. Papaver somniferum : A cap- 

 sule ; st the stigma ; v valves ; h pores ; 

 B seed in longitudinal section ; alb endo- 

 sperm ; emb embryo. 



Papaver (Poppy,) has large, solitary, terminal flowers ; petals 

 firmly and irregularly folded in aestivation ; gynceceuin formed by 

 many (4-15) carpels ; stigmas velvety, sessile and stellate (the rays 

 stand above the placentae) (Fig. 391 _&). The edges of the carpels 

 project deeply into the ovary, but do not meet in the centre, so 

 that it remains unilocular. The capsule opens by pores placed 

 close beneath the stigma, and formed of small valves alternating 

 with the placentae and the rays of the stigma (Fig. 391) . P. dubium, 

 P. nrgemone, P. rhueas. Chelidonium (Greater Celandine) has 

 yellow latex, flowers in umbellate cymes (the terminal, central flower 

 opening first) and only 2 carpels ; the fruit resembles the siliqua 



