406 DICOTYLEDONES. 



on a stalk (sometimes as much as 1 foot in length) ; also between the stamens 

 and corolla a similar stalk may be found (Fig. 414). The fruit is long and 

 siliquose (Cleome, Polanisia, Gynandropsis), or a berry (Capparis). Endos- 

 perm absent. Some have zygomorphic flowers. Gamosepalous calyx and 

 perigynous flowers also occur. 350 species ; especially in the Tropics. The 

 majority are trees and shrubs, and they differ also from the Cruciferas in having 

 distinct stipules present in some species. 



" Capers " are the flower buds of the climbing, thorny shrub, Coppans spinosa 

 (Fig. 415), which grows in the Mediterranean. 



Family 11. Cistiflorae. 



The flowers in this family are perfect, regular (except Resedacese, 

 Violacese), hypogynous, the perianth-leaves free (a few have them 

 slightly united), aestivation most frequently imbricate ; they are 

 eucyclic in the androecium, and most frequently in the other parts, 

 and generally 5-merous with So, P5, A5 + 5, Gr3, but other numbers 

 also occur ; several have indefinite stamens, but the stamens arise 

 (where the development is known) in centrifugal order and are 

 arranged, often very distinctly, in bundles; in other words, the 

 large number of stamens is formed by the splitting of a small 

 number (most frequently 5) ; a true spiral arrangement is never 

 found. Grynceceum syncarpous, multicarpellary (Dilleniacese and 

 a few Resedacese are apocarpous), most frequently the number of 

 carpels is 3, forming a unilocular ovary with parietal placentse, 

 but parallel with this, multilocular ovaries, with the ovules placed 

 in the inner angle of the loculi, are also found, and a few genera 

 have a free, centrally-placed placenta. The fruit is most frequently 

 a capsule. The dehiscence is never with a " replum," i.e. the 

 persistent frame of the placenta, as in the family Rhceadinae. One 

 half of the orders has endosperm (Violacese, Gistacese, Droseracese, 

 Bixaceee, Ternstrosmiaceas, etc.), the other has no endosperm 

 (Resedacese, Hypericacese, Elatinacete, Tatnaricacese, etc.) ; some 

 have a curved, the majority a straight embryo. The family is 

 scarcely quite natural; in the future the orders will probably be arranged 

 differently. 



Order ]. Resedacese (Mignonettes). Herbs or small 

 shrubs with spirally-placed leaves and very small, gland-like 

 stipules (as in Cruciferae) ; the , hypogynous flowers are zygo- 

 morphic, and arranged in racemes or spikes typically without 

 bracteoles. The zygomorphic structure is produced by the greater 

 development of the posterior side of the flower, especially the* petals 

 and the nectary (" disc," in Fig. 416 d) which is situated between 



