414 DICOTYLEDONES. 



which the inner is epipetalous ; but the outer whorl is only represented by 5 small 

 scales (Fig. 427), or is altogether absent (Hypericum calycinum, H. hircinum), 

 and the inner divided into numerous stamens, that is, these 5 stamens are so 

 deeply divided that 5 epipetalous groups bearing anthers are found (as in the 

 Cistacese) ; in other cases the flower becomes 3-merous after the petals, stamens 

 3 + 3 following in regular alternation (Figg. 426, 427), the outer whorl of 

 stamens in these cases is also present as staminodes (Fig. 427), or may be al- 

 together suppressed. Carpels 3-5. The petals are often twitted, in the bud, and 

 are then oblique. 



Hypericum. Some species have a square stem ; in these cases 

 the leaves are placed opposite the edges. Fruit a capsule. Vismia 

 has a berry. The flowers of Hypericum have no honey, and supply only 

 pollen ; self-pollination often takes place. 



About 240 species ; the tropical ones being often shrubs or trees ; the others 

 generally perennial shrubs. Hypericum, St. John's-wort, contains a resinous, 

 red matter, which can be extracted with alcohol. The American gamboge is 

 the dried sap of species of Vismia. 



Order 13. Guttiferse, or Clusiaceae. Closely allied to the Hypericaceae 

 and Ternstroemiacea}. Leaves opposite or verticillate. The flowers are often 

 unisexual ; stamens united ; the gynoeceum has most frequently a sessile, 

 radiating or shield-like stigma. 



370 species; chiefly in the Tropics (Am.). They are principally woody plants 

 and their bark contains a yellow gum resin, " gamboge," which is extracted 

 from Garcinia morella (E. Ind.) and others. Mangosteen (Garcinia mango- 

 stana, S.E. Asia), and Mammea americana (W. Ind.), have very delicious fruits. 

 To this order also belong Platonia insignia, Pentadesma butyracea (the Butter- 

 tree), Clusia, Calophyllum, Cataba, etc. 



Order 14. Ternstrcemiaceae. Trees and shrubs with 

 scattered, simple, and often more or less leathery, evergreen, pen- 

 ninerved leaves, without stipules (Fig. 428). The two most 

 important genera are : Camellia and the closely allied Thea (by 

 some authorities these are united into one genus). The flowers 

 are regular, hypogynous, and situated singly oa very short stalks. 

 A number of green floral-leaves are placed below the calyx and 

 gradually pass over into the sepals, and the leaves (5-6) of the 

 calyx again gradually pass over into the corolla (this being especi- 

 ally marked in Camellia), of which the number of leaves varies (5, 6, 

 7 and upwards) ; the calyx and the corolla are acyclic or eucyclic ; 

 the petals are slightly united at the base ; stamens numerous in 

 many whorls, the external ones are arranged in bundles and 

 united with the petals as in the Columniferse ; gynoeceum syn- 

 carpous ; styles often free nearly to the base ; ovary 3-5-locular, 

 ovules numerous in each loculus. The fruit is a woody capsule. 



