GRU1NALES. 



419 



Geranium (Crane's-bill) has 5 + 5 stamens, and a septicidal capsule ; 

 the carpels most frequently remain suspended from the apex of the 

 column (Fig. 434). The leaves are most frequently palminerved. 

 The flowers are situated solitarily or 2 together (2-flowered scor- 

 pioid cyme). Erodium (Stork's-bill) ; inflorescence a many- 

 flowered unipared scorpioid cyme, stamens 5 + (petal-stamens are 

 wanting), and fruit a schizocarp whose carpels become detached; 

 their beaks are hairy on the internal surface and twist themselves 

 spirally (Fig. 436). The umbellate inflorescences are composed of 

 rnultiflowered scorpioid cymes. The leaves are often penninervcd. 

 -r-The most primitive type is represented by Biebersteinia: So, P5, A5 + 5, G5 

 (ovaries free, and styles united above) ; fruit 5 small nuts. The most advanced 

 type is Pelargonium, which has zygomorphic flowers, the posterior sepal being 



FIG. 434. Geranium san- 

 guineum. Fruit (j). 



Pi&. 435. Pelargonium. 



FIG. 436. Erodium cicu- 

 tarium, detached carpel. 



prolonged into a spur which becomes adnate to the peduncle ; the petals are 

 unequal in size ; some of the petal-stamens are often wanting. (Erodium may 

 be slightly zygomorphic). 



POLLINATION. The large-flowered Geranium-species are protandrous, e.g. 

 G. pratense (one whorl of stamens opens first, and then the other, and suc- 

 ceeding .these the stigmas, after shedding the pollen the stamens bend out- 

 wards) ; the small-flowered are also adapted, with various modifications, for 

 self-pollination. 470 species ; moderately hot climates, especially S. Africa. 

 Several Pelargonium-species, with numerous varieties, are ornamental plants 

 (from S. Africa). 



Order 4. Tropaeolaceae. Herbaceous, juicy plants which have 

 scattered, long-stalked, peltate leaves without stipules, and often 



