460 DICOTYLEDONES. 



number of hooked bristles which serve as a means of distribution 

 for the 1-2 achenes which are enclosed in it, and hence the 

 entire flower finally falls off. The inflorescence is a long upright 

 raceme. These bristles are arranged in whorls of 5 and 10, of which the 

 uppermost alternate with the sepals. Alchemilla (Ladies-mantle ; Fig. 



501) has 8 green perianth-leaves 

 in two whorls (some authorities 

 consider the four outer as an 

 epicalyx, and the flower therefore 

 apetalous), and 4 stamens alter- 

 nating with the innermost whorl. 

 There is only one carpel with a 

 basal style and capitate stigma. 



TTm. 501.-Flower of AlcUemMa in longi- The flowerg are smaU and green- 

 tudinal section. .-1,1 ^, . . . i rn , 



ish, the filaments ]omted. The 



anthers open by one extrorse cleft. The leaf -sheath entirely 

 envelops the stem ; the leaves are palminerved. A. aphanes has 

 often only 1-2 stamens. The following genera, with 4-merous flowers 

 borne in short spikes or capitula, are allied to this group. Sanguisorba has 

 entomophilous, -flowers with 4 (-20) stamens, 1 carpel; stigma papillose. 

 Poterium ; spike or capitulum, the uppermost flowers are ? , the lowermost $ , 

 and some intermediate ones (the order of opening is not always centripetal) ; 

 S4, PO, A20-30, G2, the long styles having brush-like stigmas (wind-pollination). 

 Leaves imparipinnate. 



TOLLINATION. A yellow ring on the inner side of the receptacle, inside the 

 stamens, serves as a nectary when any honey is formed ; this, for instance, is 

 not the case in Rosa, Agrimonia, Spircea ulmaria, S.Jiiipendula, S. aruncus, etc., 

 to which the insects (especially flies and bees) are allured by the quantity of 

 pollen. Hornogamy and slight protogyny are frequent, in many instances self- 

 pollination also is finally possible. Poterium, with the long-haired stigma, is 

 wind-pollinated. About 550(1100?) species, especially in northern temperate 

 regions. USES. OFFICINAL : the petals of Rosa centifolia and gallica, the fruits 

 of the Raspberry (Rubus id&us), the rhizome of Geum urbanum, the flowers of 

 the Koso-tree (Hagenia abyssinica or Brayera anthelmintica). The bark of 

 Quillaja saponaria (Chili) is used as soap and contains saponin. " Attar of 

 Eoses " from Rosa damascena, centifolia and other species, especially from the 

 southern slopes of the Balkans. Many species and varieties of Hoses are 

 ORNAMENTAL plants : from S. Europe, Rosa lutea (the Yellow Eose), R. gallica 

 (the French Eose) and R. rubrifolia ; from W. Asia, R. centifolia, of which the 

 Moss Eoses (R. muscosa and cristata) are varieties, and R. damascena ; from India 

 and N. Africa, R. moschata (the Musk Eose) ; from China, R. indica (Tea Eose) 

 etc., besides the native species and the varieties which have been derived 

 from them. In addition, Kerria japonica, species of Potentilla, Rubus odoratus 

 from N.' Am., and many species of Spiraea from South-eastern Europe and N. 

 Am. ESCULENT : the " hips " of R. mollissima, R. pomifera, etc. ; the fruits of 



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