UMBELLIFLOKJ:. 491 



Drupe with a bilocular, 2-seeded stone. Aucuba, dioecious; uni- 

 locular ovary ; 1 ovule ; 1-seeded berrj. Garrya. Helwingia. 



80 species ; N. Temp. The fruits of Cornm mas are edible ; the wood is 

 very hard; gum is found in some. Several species of Cornus and Aucubce 

 japonica (Japan) are cultivated as ornamental shrubs. 



Order 2 Araliacese (Ivies). Principally trees or shrubs with 

 solid stems. The leaves are scattered, simple or compound, with a 

 sheath more or less developed. The flowers are most frequently 

 situated in umbels or capitula which are either borne singly or in 

 racemes, or in paniculate inflorescences. The small, most fre- 

 quently yellowish-green flowers are $-merous, in the calyx, corolla, 

 and andrcecium ; the gynceceum may be 5-merous or may have 

 some other number (2-oo). " The styles are most frequently several, 

 free ; the raplie cf the ovules is turned inwards as in the Umbelli- 

 ferous plants. The fruit is a drupe or berry. Stellate hairs often 

 occur. The petals generally have a broad base, and a thick apex which is- 

 slightly incurved, and a distinctly valvate aestivation. 



Hedera helix (Ivy) climbs by adventitious roots. The leaves are 

 palminerved and lobed on the sterile branches, but often ovate and 

 not lobed on the flowering branches. The flowers are yellowish -green 

 and open in the autumn ; they are slightly protandrous, and are visited by 

 flies and wasps. Berries black. Endosperm ruminate. Panax. Aralia (with 



375 species, 51 genera; especially in the Tropics (E. Asia). The Ivy, 

 several species of Aralia, e.g. A. japonica (Fatsia), Gastonia palmata, are culti- 

 vated as ornamental plants. Paper is manufactured from the pith of Aralia 

 papyri/era (China). 



Order 3. Umbelliferae. The stem is herbaceous with hollow 

 internodes ; the leaves are scattered, and have a broad, amplexicaul 

 base, a large, most frequently inflated sheath, and generally a pinnate 

 (ofteii very much dissected) blade. Entire leaves are found in Hydro 

 cotyle vulgaris ; Bupleurum. 



The flowers are $ , regular, small, but collected in compound 

 umbels, that is, in " simple umbels," which again are borne in 

 umbels (for exceptions see Hydrocotylew) ; the external flowers in 

 the simple umbel have often subtending bracts, which surround 

 the base as an involucre, and may be termed the small involu- 

 cre-, the internal ones have no bracts; when involucral leaves 

 are present at the base of the compound umbel, they may be 

 termed the large involucre. 



The flower has 5 sepals^(the median, as usual, posterior), 5 petals,. 

 5 stamens and 2 carpels (in the median line) (Fig. 528). The 

 calyx is often scarcely indicated. The petals have a short claw. 



