UMBELLIFLOR^]. 



497 



series of hooked spines (Fig. 528 D, E) ; these are much longer 

 than the small bristles on the primary ridges. The involucral 

 leaves of D. carota (Carrot) are numerous and deeply pinnate; the inflo- 

 rescence contracts during the ripening of the fruit, and since the external 

 umbels have longer stalks than the central ones, they arch over them, and 

 the inflorescence becomes hollow. For the terminal flower, see below. 

 Cuminum ; Laserpitium ; Melanoselinum. 



b. CAMPYLOSPERMOUS : Torilis (Hedge Parsley). The primary 

 ridges are covered with bristles ; the secondary ridges are not 

 very distinct on account of the spines, which entirely fill up the 

 grooves. Gaucalis (Bur Parsley). 



c. CCELOSPERMOUS : Coriandrum (Coriander) has a smooth, spheri- 

 cal fruit (Fig. 538) with a distinct, 5-dentate calyx, the two 

 anterior (i.e. turned outward) teeth being generally longer than 

 the others ; the two fruitlets scarcely separate from each other 



FIG. 538. Coriandrum salivum : b secondary ridges j d primary ridges ; / endosperm ; 



I embryo. 



naturally; all the ridges project only very slightly, the curved 

 primary ones least, the secondary ridges most. 



POLLINATION. The flowers are adapted for insect-pollination ; they secrete 

 nectar at the base of the styles ; individually they are rather small and in- 

 significant, but. yet are rendered conspicuous by being always crowded in 

 many-flowered inflorescences. Protandry is common, sometimes to such an 

 extent that the stamens have already fallen off before the styles begin to develop 

 (Fig. 539, 2). Insect visits are more frequent and numerous as the inflorescences 

 are more conspicuous. The flowers as a rule are , but -flowers are often 

 found interspersed among the others (Fig. 539), and the number of th^se 

 becomes greater on the umbels developed at the latest period. A terminal 

 flower, which differs from the others in form, and in Daucus carota often in 

 colour also (purple), is sometimes found in the umbel. The nectar lies so 

 exposed and flat that the flowers are principally visited by insects with short 

 probosces, especially Diptera ; bees are less frequent visitors, and butterflies 

 rare. 1400 species (175 genera) ; especially from temperate climates in Europe, 

 Asia, N. Am. About 68 species in this country. 



