RUBIALES. 



549 



and some Caprifoliacece, but in other genera of this latter order 

 (especially of Lonicerese) it is unsymmetrical. In several genera 

 of the order first mentioned the loculi of the ovary contain many 

 ovules, but in the last the number of loculi and ovules becomes 

 reduced. This is to some extent connected with the nature of 

 the fruit which is many-seeded in most instances, namely a 

 capsule or berry, but in others nut-like. Endosperm is present. 



The family on one side is allied to the Contortae (not only through the 

 Loganiacece but also through the Apocynacece), and may be regarded as an 

 epigynous continuation of this family ; on the other side it is allied to the 

 Valerianaceaa and Dipsacaceae. Many points of agreement with the Cornacece 

 and Araliacece are also found, and in fact several Caprifoliaceae are distin- 

 guished from these by hardly any other feature than the gamopetalous corolla. 



Order 1. Rubiaceae. Leaves opposite (or verticillate), un- 

 divided and entire, with interpetiolar stipules (Fig. 586). Flowers 



Fia. 585. Cinchona calisayu. A entire flower; B after removal of the corolla; 

 C longitudinal section of ovary; D fruit; E seed. 



epigynous and hermaphrodite, regular, 4- or 5-merous with the 

 usual arrangement (Figs.. 585, 588-590) ; corolla gamopetalous, in 

 aestivation of ten valvate ; ovary frequently 2-locular. 



There are no external characters which at once distinguish this exceedingly 

 large order, as in many other natural orders (Composite, Umbelliferae, etc.). 

 but the opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules form an excellent mark of 

 recognition. It is divided into many sub-orders and groups, especially charac- 

 terised by the nature of the ovary (1 or several ovules in each loculus), and of 

 the fruit (schizocarp, berry, drupe, capsule). The corolla is bilabiate in 4 

 genera ; its aestivation in some is twisted ; in Capirona, etc., the filaments are 

 of unequal size. The ovary is semi -epigynous in Henriquezia, etc. In Morindu. 

 all the fleshy fruits coalesce into one multiple fruit. 



