RUB1ALES. 



551 



587, 588-590) ; the stipules are large, leaf-like, and resemble the 

 lamina of the leaves, so that the leaves appear to be placed several in 

 a whorl, while in reality there are only two opposite leaves, the 

 stipules of which project freely, and are not erect (Fig. 587). 



In some cases there are apparently 4 leaves in the whorl, and then 2 of 

 these are leaves, and the other two are their interpetiolar stipules. When 



Fia. 687. Rubia tmctorum. 



there are apparently 6 leaves, then the two of these which are opposite each 

 other are leaves, and the other four are stipules ; if there are several members 

 in the whorl, then a division of the stipules has taken place. The proof of this 

 theory is founded upon the fact that not more than 2 of the leaves of the whorl 

 ever support buds (which, in addition, are seldom of equal vigour), and also 

 that the whorls do not alternate with each other, which, according to the rules 

 of the position of the leaves, they should do if all the members of a whorl had 



