RUBIALES. 553 



found in some, self-pollination in the species which are less conspicuous. 

 Many species are heterostylous. Myrmecodia, Hydnophytum, and other genera 

 have large tubers (hypocotyledonous stems), whose labyrinthine cavities and 

 passages are inhabited by ants. 



About 4,500 species; tropical or sub-tropical except tbe Stellatae ; especially 

 American. Tbe tropical ones are mostly trees. Several are OFFICINAL on ac- 

 count of the large amount of alkaloids and glycosides which they contain. The 

 most important are the Cinchonas (Cinchona calisaya, C. succirubra, C. officinalis, 

 C. micrantha, etc ), whose bark contains the well-known febrifuge and tonic, 

 Quinine, Cinchonin, etc. ; Quinine is also found in Exostemma, Ladenbergia, 

 and Remijia. The root ' Ipecacuanha " (an emetic) from Cephaelis ipecacuanha 

 (Brazils). Caffeine is officinal. The use of the seeds of the coffee plant (" the 

 beans ") was first known in Europe in 1583. There are only a few which con- 

 tain aromatic properties, principally among the Stellataa (coumarin in Asperula 

 odorata, the Woodruff), in which group colouring materials are also found. The 

 root and root-stalks of Eubia tinctorum, the Madder (S. Eur., Orient., Fig. 

 587), were formerly largely used for dyeing, but are now superseded by the 

 analine colours. Ked dyes are also obtained from the roots of species of 

 Asperula and Galium. Gambier is a splendid colouring material, obtained from 

 Uncaria gambir (S.E. Asia), which is used in dyeing and tanning. The order 

 does not furnish many ornamental flowers. 



Order 2. Caprifoliaceae. This order agrees with the Rubiaceae 

 in having opposite leaves and an epigynous flower, most frequently 

 5-merous with the ordinary tetracyclic diagram, but in some 

 species it is zygomorphic ; the corolla has imbricate aestivation. 

 carpels 3-5, most frequently 3 (not 2, which is the most usual 

 number in the Rubiaceae). The fruit is generally a berry or a 

 drupe, but the most important, and in any case most easily recog- 

 nisable feature, is the absence of stipules; in exceptional cases, 

 where they are present, they are not interpetiolar, and are most 

 frequently small. The majority of plants belonging to this order are shrubs 

 or trees. Compound leaves sometimes occur. Stipules only appear in a few 

 species of Lonicera, Sambucus and Viburnum; in the common Elder (Sambucus 

 nigra] they are in some instances glandular and small, but in other cases larger 

 and more leaf-like (upon long, well-developed shoots) ; in the Dwarf Elder (S. 

 ebulus) they have the normal leaf -like form ; in Viburnum opnlus they are pre- 

 sent as narrow lobes at the base of the petiole; in others tbey are completely 

 absent. The leaves are frequently penninerved, rarely palmiuerved. The 

 calyx, as in the Stellatae and Aggregatae, is often very insignificant. 



I. LONICERE^:, HONEYSUCKLE GROUP. This has campanulate or 

 tubular corollas which are often zygomorphic ; in connection with 

 the length' of the corolla the style is long, filamentous, and most fre- 

 quently has a large, capitate stigma. There are several ovules in 

 the loculi of the ovary, and the fruit is most frequently a berry. 



