CAMPANDLINJB. 561 



stamens are nearly always situated on the torus without being 

 united to the corolla (Figs. 601, 604). The anthers adhere or 

 unite and form a tube with introrse anthers from which the pollen 

 is swept out by the projecting, brush-like hairs on the style (as in 

 the Composite). The ovary is 3- (2-5) locular, many ovules in 

 each loculus. The fruit is generally a many-seeded capsule (or 

 berry). Embryo in the centre of a fleshy endosperm. The 

 majority are herbs with scattered leaves, without stipules. The 

 presence of latex and inulin, together with the' tubular formation 

 of the anthers, the pollination, etc., indicate a relationship with 

 the Composites. 



The Cucurbitace.(B are by some authorities placed in this family as being 

 most closely related to the Campanulaceas. Although the corolla is most fre- 

 quently gamopetalous, and other similarities to the Carnpanulaceae are present, 

 yet on account of the structure of the ovule, and for other reasons, the Cucur- 

 bitaceae are here placed in the Choripetalae. The Campanulinse without doubt 

 proceed upwards to the Compositae, with which, in addition to the occurrence 

 of inulin and laticiferous vessels (Cichoriese), there are many corresponding 

 features both in the structural and biological relations (epigyny, valvate aesti- 

 vation of the corolla, tendency of the anthers 'to adhere or unite, protandry 

 with a stylar-brush, etc.) The inflorescence of Jasione is almost identical with 

 that of the Compositae. 



Order 1. Campanulaceae (Campanulas). The flowers are 

 regular and in some only semi-epigynous, 5-merous, except in the 

 gynceceum which is 3-merous (the unpaired, median carpel being 

 generally posterior), more rarely 2-5-merous, and has a corre- 

 sponding number of stigmas and loculi in the ovary ; the placen- 

 tation is axile with a large number of ovules. The median sepal 

 is posterior. The stamens frequently have broad, free bases (Fig. 

 601 H) which cover the nectariferous upper surface of the ovary; 

 the anthers only fit loosely together, and become separated as 

 soon as the pollen is shed (Fig. 601 G). 1 long style, which is 

 studded by sweeping- hairs (stylar-brush), which ultimately be- 

 come invaginated; the stigmas do not unfold until the stamens 

 have shed the pollen (Fig. 601 E y G). Fruit a capsule. Herbs, 

 more rarely under-shrubs or shrubs, with latex and scattered, 

 undivided leaves without stipules. The inflorescence is most fre- 

 quently a raceme or spike with terminal flower. 



A. Capsule opening at the side by pores and small valves, 

 Campanula (Canterbury-bell) ; the corolla is bell-shaped, rarely 

 almost rotate ; capsule obconical. The pores of the capsule are found 

 near the top of the fruit when it is erect, and near the base when it is pendu- 



