DUM-DUM BULLET 



DUMFRIESSHIRE 



Dum-Dum Bullet. Popular 

 term for all projectiles of small 

 calibre which expand or flatten 

 easily in the 

 human body, 

 such as a bul- 

 let with a 

 hard enve- 

 lope which 

 does not en- 

 tirely cover 

 the core, or 

 is pierced 



Dum-Dum Bullet. Above: the pro- 

 jectile, and sectional view showing 

 cavity in the nose. Below : the 

 bullet after impact 



with incisions. This class of bullet 

 was invented to meet a demand for 

 a projectile that would stoptherush 

 of savages on whom the small-bore 

 i12e- bullet of the ordinary type 

 makes little impression. Contro- 

 versy centred upon an invention ol 

 Captain Bertie Clay, of the ammu- 

 nition factory at Dum-Dum, near 

 Calcutta, and so the name has 

 stuck to bullets, such as the official 

 mark IV, which mushroomed on 

 impact. This bullet actually shot 

 better for having a cavity in the 

 nose, but at Bisley, in 1899, it was 

 pronounced to be dangerous to the 

 firer, as the lead core separated 

 from the envelope, and in the Boer 

 War a return was made to mark II. 

 the original cordite cartridge. See 

 Bullet; Explosives. 



Dumfries. Royal, parl., and 

 mun. burgh, river port, and co. 

 town of Dumfriesshire, Scotland. 

 -7 It stands on the 

 7 Nith, 82 m. S.E 

 of Glasgow, on 

 the G. & S.W.R.. 

 and is connected 

 with Maxwell- 

 town, its suburb 

 by three bridges. 



A flourishing 

 Onmtaes arms industrial town 



Dumfries manufactures tweeds, 

 hosiery, hats, and clogs, and has 

 ironworks and tanneries. Among 

 prominent buildings are the new 

 town hall, Crichton institute for 

 the insane, and the county build- 

 ings. Robert Burns was buried in 

 S. Michael's churchyard, and his re- 

 mains were transferred to a mauso- 

 leum erected in the churchyard to 

 his memory in 1815 ; there is a 

 marble statue of the poet (1882) in 

 front of Greyfriars Church, the 

 scene of the murder of Comyn, by 

 Robert the Bruce, in 1307. Market 

 day, Wed. Pop. (1921) 15,778. 



Dumfriesshire. Map of the south-western border county of Scotland, which 

 has a coast-hue of 21 miles along the Solway Firth 



W 



Dumfriesshire. Border county 

 of Scotland, with coast-line of about 

 21 m. along Solway Firth. Hills 



. , (highest summit, 



White Coomb, 

 2,695 ft.) line the 

 N., W., and E. 

 boundaries, 

 whence the sur- 

 face declines to 

 Lochar Moss, a 

 marshy expanse 

 in the S., now 

 largely r e- 

 claimed. The county includes three 

 sections Nithsdale, Annandale, 



Dumfriesshire 

 arms 



i 



Dumfries. Greyfriars Church, built 

 in 1867, with Burns statue in front 



and Eskdale; these dales contain 

 fine holms for pasture besides 

 arable land. The rivers are well 

 stocked with salmon and trout. 

 Lochs Skene and Urr and the 

 cluster round Lochmaben are the 

 chief lakes; the first gives rise to 

 the Grey Mare's Tail waterfall. 

 Lead ore underlies the Lowther 

 Hills in theN., and sandstone, lime- 

 stone, and coal are worked. Agri- 

 culture is not extensively followed, 

 but cattle and sheep are reared in 

 good numbers on the abundant 

 pastures. Mofiat is visited for its 

 mineral springs. The Cal., G.S. & 

 W., and N.B. rlys. supply communi- 

 cation. Dumfries ( co. town), Annan, 

 Langholm, Lockerbie, and Moffat 

 are the largest towns. Gretna Green 

 (q.v.) is on the S. border. One 

 member is returned to Parliament. 

 Area, 1,100 sq. m. Pop. 75,365. 



LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS. Dum- 

 friesshire claims many associations 

 with Scottish and English literature 

 from the time of Hector Boece or 

 Boethius, the 16th century histor- 

 ian, who, like Ben Jonson, belonged 

 to an Annandale family. James 

 Crichton, the Admirable Crichton, 

 was born at Eliock House, San- 

 quhar, while Robert Flint (1838- 

 1910) belonged also to Annandale. 

 W. J. Mickle, poet and translator of 

 Camoens, was born at Langholm, 

 and Allan Cunningham was bom at 

 Keir. The richest poetic memories 

 of the county are associated with 

 Burns, who passed the last eight 

 years of his life at Ellisland, Dun- 

 score, and Dumfries, where he died 

 and is buried. The soldier author, 

 Sir J. Malcolm, was born at Burn- 

 foot, Westerkirk. Edward Irving 

 was born at Annan. The greatest 

 man of letters who was a native of 

 the county was Thomas Carlyle. 



