DUMONT 



2720 



DUNAJETZ 



Dumont,FRANgois(1751-1831). 

 French miniature painter. Born at 

 Luneville, he studied under Gir- 

 ardet, and became an academician 

 in 1788. Most of his miniatures are 

 portraits, and include those of the 

 dauphin (Louis XVIII) and Ma- 

 dame Vigee Le Brun, both in the 

 Wallace Collection. He also painted 

 historical pieces in miniature. 



Dumont, PIERRE ETIENNE Louis 

 (1759-1829). French writer. Born 

 at Geneva, July 18, 1759, he went 

 to St. Petersburg in 1783, to take 

 charge of the French Protestant 

 church. In 1785 he came to Eng- 

 land, where he became tutor in the 

 family of Lord Shelburne (later 

 marquess of Lansdowne). He was 

 in Paris during the early part of the 

 French Revolution, and became 

 very friendly with Mirabeau. In 

 1791 he returned to England, and 

 became intimate with Jeremy 

 Bentham, much of whose work he 

 translated into French. In 1814 

 he returned to Geneva. He died at 

 Milan, Sept. 30, 1829, leaving in 

 MS. his Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, 

 1832 (Eng. trans, by Lady Sey- 

 mour, as The Great Frenchman 

 and the Little Genevese, 1904). 



Duxnouriez, CHARLES FRANCOIS 

 (1739-1823). French soldier. He 

 was born at Cambrai, Jan. 25, 1739. 

 At the age of 18 

 he entered the 

 French army, 

 and fought in 

 the Seven 

 Years' War. 

 Having been 

 sent on a mis- 

 sion to Poland 

 and Sweden, 

 Chas. F. Dumouriez, he fell into dis- 

 French soldier grace . was re _ 



called, and imprisoned for some 

 months in the Bastille. When the 

 Revolution broke out, he took the 

 popular side, and became minister 

 of foreign affairs. He resigned 

 office to take command of the army 

 of the north against the duke of 

 Brunswick, whom he defeated at 

 Valmy, Sept. 20, 1792, and in the 

 same year he won another victory 

 atJemappes. In 1793 he was badly 

 beaten by the Austrians at Neer- 

 winden. Accused of conspiring for 

 the restoration of the monarchy, he 

 took refuge with the Austrians, and 

 for some years wandered about Eu- 

 rope with a price on his head. He 

 finally settled in England, where 

 he died near Henley-on-Thames, 

 March 14, 1823. See Dumouriez 

 and the Defence of England against 

 Napoleon, J. H. Rose and A. M. 

 Broadley, 1909. 



Dumping. Originally, the act 

 of throwing down a large quantity 

 of material in a heap, as in shooting 

 rubbish. In economics the term is 



applied to a practice adopted by 

 some countries, e.g. Germany, of 

 producing goods in vast quantities 

 with the assistance of bounties or 

 tariffs, and then exporting them to 

 other countries; thus flooding the 

 market and underselling the manu- 

 facturers there with the object of 

 killing their industry and securing 

 control of the market. Tariff re- 

 formers urge the imposition of 

 tariff on imports on the ground 

 that it would prevent dumping. On 

 the other hand some manufacturers 

 uphold the practice of dumping on 

 the ground that it enables them to 

 maintain that volume of output 

 which is most economical to pro- 

 duce and thus most profitable in 

 the long run. An act to prevent 

 dumping in the United Kingdom, 

 known as the Safeguarding of 

 Industries Act, was passed by 

 Parliament in 1921. See Political 

 Economy; Tariff Reform. 



Dumraon. Town of India. It 

 is in Shahabad district, in the 

 Patha division of Bihar and Orissa, 

 and contains the palace of the 

 maharaja, whose estate, Dumraon 

 Raj, covers an area of 758 sq. 

 miles. Pop. 15,042; five-sixths 

 Hindus. 



Dun. Celtic word meaning hill 

 or fort. The dun was either a cir- 

 cular row of large stones on the 

 top of a hill, or a regular building, 

 known as a " Danish " fort, with a 

 double wall. It is a common prefix 

 in towns of the British islands, some- 

 times altered to dum-, don-. e.g. 

 Dundalk, Dumbarton, Doncaster. 



Diina. Alternative spelling of 

 the Russian river better known as 

 the Dvina (q.v.). 



Dunaburg. Alternative spelling 

 of the Russian town, better known 

 as Dvinsk (q.v.). 



Dunafoldvar. Town of Hun- 

 gary. It stands on the right bank 

 of the Danube (Duna) about 50 m. 

 S. of Budapest. It is on a branch 

 rly. which keeps fairly close to the 

 river and terminates at Pacs, some 

 16 m. farther S. It is one of the 

 small towns which have grown up 

 on the relatively high right bank 

 of the river where they are secure 

 from the floods. Pop. 12,100, 

 mainly Magyar Roman Catholics. 



Dunajetz, BATTLES OF THE. 

 Fought between the Austro-Ger- 

 mans and the Russians, April and 

 May, 1915. During the Russian 

 offensive of April, 1915, in the Car- 

 pathians, Hindenburg assembled 

 large forces in and around Cra- 

 cow. His purpose was to make a 

 fresh movement E. in Galicia, in 

 combination with the Austro- Ger- 

 man armies already in and about 

 the passes, the total strength being 

 at least 2,000,000 men, with some 

 4,000 guns of all calibres. The 



nominal commander was the Arch- 

 duke Frederick, but the real head 

 was Mackensen. 



The Russian armies in Galicia, 

 with Ivanoff in chief command, 

 were much inferior in numbers, 

 especially in guns and material. 

 From the Vistula S. to near Bart- 

 feld, and thence E. to the Dukla 

 Pass, stood the 3rd Russian Army, 

 under Radko Dmitrieff. From 

 the Dukla to the Pruth the Carpa- 

 thian front was held by Brusiloff 

 with the 8th and 9th Russian Ar- 

 mies, while N. of the Pruth were 

 two corps of Russian cavalry. The 

 total of the Russian forces was 14 

 corps as against the Austro -Ger- 

 man total of 24. On the line of the 

 Dunajetz-Biala, Dmitrieff had five 

 corps, and when the enemy attack 

 began in force there Mackensen 

 disposed of 12 corps in this sector, 

 with superior strength in artillery 

 and munitions. 



The first assault took place in the 

 Gorlice district, however, with 

 which coordinated assaults were 

 delivered by Hindenburg in Cour- 

 land and on the Rava, the Pilitza, 

 and the Nida between the Lower 

 and the Upper Vistula, in order to 

 pin down the Russian forces N. 

 of Galicia. On April 28 Macken- 

 sen's right wing, moving from 

 Novo Sandec (Sacz) through Gry- 

 bov on Ropa, was in position on 

 Dmitrieff's left, on the Biala, while 

 higher up, on the Dunajetz, the 

 Austro -Germans were beginning to 

 bombard his right. 



As the attack from Ropa on 

 Gorlice developed the Russians 

 withdrew slightly N.E., and on 

 May 1-2 their whole line from 

 Ciezkovice to Malastov, 8 m. S. 

 of Gorlice, was subjected to an 

 unprecedented artillery fire, which 

 virtually wiped out the first lines of 

 Russian trenches. Prussian troops 

 broke through Dmitrieff's front at 

 Ciezkovice and Staszkovka, the 

 Russians falling back towards 01- 

 piny and Biecz. The result of 

 the struggle in the Gorlice district 

 was that the Russian defence was 

 broken on a front of 10 m. 



In the N., on the Dunajetz the 

 Austrians, under the Archduke 

 Joseph Ferdinand, tried to break 

 through in the direction of Tarnov 

 under heavy artillery cover, but 

 failed on May 2-3 to get across 

 until the Russians there withdrew 

 in consonance with Dmitrieff's 

 general retreat E. 



Desperate fighting took place on 

 May 3^4 between the Biala and the 

 Wisloka, the Russians being driven 

 back by superior numbers. To the 

 S. a Hungarian assault rendered 

 Jaslo untenable on May 4. S. of 

 Jaslo Bavarians and Austrians 

 were on the same day close to the 



