DUNBAR 



2721 



DUNBAR 



Dukla at Zmigrod and Krempna, ment making. There are ruins of 

 and the Russians retreated with the old castle, captured by Edward 

 difficulty thence and from the I in 1296 and successfully defended 

 Bartfeld district. On May 7 Mack- against the English in 1338 by 



Black Agnes, the countess of 

 Dunbar. The battle of Dunbar, in 

 which Cromwell defeated the 



ensen forced a crossing of the Wis- 

 loka at Jaslo with his own indi- 

 vidual command, which had most 

 of his heavy artillery, and which 

 came to be known as his "phalanx." 



Covenanters, took place close to 

 the town in 1650. These historic 



The Russians then fell back to the events indicate the strategic posi- 

 Wistok, but on May 8 were forced tion of the town on the east coast 

 from it at Frystak and Rymanov. route now followed by the rly. to 

 They made a stand at Dembitsa, 

 and to cover the retreat of the 



. 

 Market day, Tues. 



Russian left from the Dukla and 



Edinburgh- 

 Pop. 4,830. 



Dunbar, BATTLE OF. Fought 

 the Lupkov passes Ivanofi sent out Sept. 3, 1650, between the English 

 strong forces from Sanok, which and the Scots. Cromwell, seeking 

 temporarily checked the Austro- to crush finally the cause of 

 German advance in the S. But by Charles II, had invaded Scotland. 

 May 11 the retreat of the Russians With 16,000 men he approached 

 was general to the San, after hard- Edinburgh only to find the Scots 



under David Leslie in a strong 

 defensive position. Anxious to 

 keep in touch with his supplies on 



fought delaying actions on the 

 three preceding days on a line 

 across Mid-Galicia from the Vis- 

 tula to the Uzsok Pass. During 



Mackensen's advance he captured Dunbar. Then a second time he 

 upwards of 100,000 Russians, but advanced to Edinburgh, but again 

 he did not succeed in destroying the the Scots were in a strong position, 

 Russian armies. See. San, Battles and again he retired to Dunbar. 



board ship, Cromwell fell back to 



of the. Robert Machray 



Dunaverty. Promontory and 

 bay of Argyllshire, Scotland. It is 

 5 m. N. of the Mull of Kintyre. On 



This tune Cromwell was followed 

 by the Scots. He encamped on 

 Sept. 1. on the low ground near 

 the town and the coast, while 



the promontory there formerly Leslie on the hills sent a force to 

 stood a castle, belonging to the bar the road to England. Sickness 

 Lord of the Isles, which was several was rife among the English troops, 



times besieged. 

 Dun bar. Royal 



and mun. 



who numbered barely 11,000 

 effectives as against 20,000 Scots, 



burgh and seaport'of Haddington- and their position was perilous 

 shire, Scotland. It stands at the when the Scots, urged on by the 



t __^ mouth of the ministers who were with the army, 



Firth of Forth, left their position of vantage in 

 29 m. E.N.E. of order to attack. 

 Edinburgh on The Scots at first stood with 

 the N.B.R. A their backs to England, and be- 

 popular health tween them and the English was 

 resort, Dunbar a stream called the Broxburn. 

 has a good golf Cromwell opened the engagement 

 , course and a before daybreak on Sept 3. by 



uunbar arms racecourse near, sending some of his horse and 

 Of its two harbours the Victoria foot across the stream. The Scots 

 Harbour ( W. ) is a refuge for ships were not yet ready, so the Eng- 

 in distress. The herring fisheries are lish had time to take up a position 



with the sea behind them and the 

 hills in front. The infantry under 

 Monk advanced, 

 1 as did the horse- 

 men on either side 

 of them ; but the 

 Scots, now fully 

 ready, met their 

 assault firmly. 

 For a time there 

 was no advan- 

 tage, but at 

 length Cromwell 

 led up his re- 

 serves. This was 

 decisive. The 

 Scottish right 

 broke, and the 

 infantry in the 



Dunbar. Ruins of the Scottish castle founded in 856, centre was ako 

 * and long held as a defence against the English routed, and the 



important, and other industries in- 

 clude rope and agricultural imple- 





English horsemen came round their 

 flank. The sun was only just rising 

 when Cromwell called out " Let 

 God arise, let His enemies be scat- 

 tered." The Scots were followed as 

 they fled, and altogether 3,000 of 

 them were killed. About 10,000 

 more, with their arms, artillery, and 

 baggage, were taken. The English 

 losses were slight. 



Dunbar, EARL OF. Scottish title 

 now extinct. Its origin is obscure, 

 but it was certainly in existence 

 in the 12th century when Waltheof 

 de Dunbar, who married a daughter 

 of William the Lion, called himself 

 earl of Dunbar. He was descended 

 from a family that had lands in 

 the Lothians and a connexion with 

 Northumbria. 



Succeeding earls, mostly named 

 Patrick, were persons of import- 

 ance in Scotland. One was made 

 regent in 1255, another was one 

 of the claimants for the crown 

 in 1 291 . This latter was called also 

 earl of March, presumably because 

 he had lands on the marches, and 

 henceforward the earldom was 

 known as that of March or Dunbar. 

 A 14th century earl was in all the 

 fighting between England and 

 Scotland, being sometimes on one 

 side and sometimes on the other. 

 His wife was the renowned Black 

 Agnes, who in 1338 defended 

 Dunbar castle against the English. 

 A great nephew, George, succeeded 

 to the honours, and his son George 

 was deprived of his lands and 

 titles in 1435. In 1605 James I 

 made Sir George Home earl of 

 Dunbar and March. He was the 

 lord who, by first hanging a gang 

 of outlaws and then trying them, 

 gave rise to the phrase Jeddart 

 justice. He died in 1611, and the 

 title soon became extinct. See 

 March, Earl of. 



Dunbar, WILLIAM (c. 1460- 

 1513). Scottish poet. He is be- 

 lieved to have been born in East 

 Lothian and educated at St. 

 Andrews. Becoming a member of 

 the Franciscan order, he travelled 

 as an itinerant friar through Scot- 

 land, England, and part of N. 

 France. About 1490 he entered 

 the diplomatic service, which took 

 him to Germany, Italy, and Spain. 

 In 1505 he received a pension from 

 King James IV as Court Laureate, 

 but was unsuccessful in his efforts 

 to obtain a benefice. The king's 

 marriage with Margaret, daughter 

 of Henry VII, occasioned Dunbar's 

 most famous poem, The Thistle and 

 the Rose (1503). Dunbar is not 

 heard of after the battle of Flodden, 

 and it is most probable that he fell 

 on the field. 



His poems also disappeared 

 about this time, to be discovered 

 some 200 years afterwards by 



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