DUNE 



2725 



DUNFERMLINE 



Dune (Ir. dun, hill). Hill formed 

 of sand. Where the prevailing 

 winds are relatively steady, dunes 

 may gradually advance, owing to 

 the" particles of sand being driven 

 by the wind up the dune and over 

 the crest to the leeside. Sand dunea 

 occur in deserts, where they often 

 present a monotonous succession of 

 crests and troughs, and along sandy 

 coasts, e.g. Belgium, Holland, Ger- 

 many, and Denmark. In deserts, 

 any obstacle, such as a cactus or a 

 large stone, is sufficient to start the 

 building of a dune, although desert 

 dunes may be formed without such 

 aid. The typical isolated desert 

 dune is crescent-shaped, its horns 

 pointing in the direction of the pre- 

 vailing wind, while the windward 

 is steeper than the leeward slope. 



Dunedin. Chief city in South 

 Island, New Zealand. It stands 

 on Otago Harbour, 8 m. S.W. of 

 Port Chalmers. It has good sea 

 communication with other N.Z. 

 ports, Sydney and Melbourne, and 

 is the chief rly. junction on the 

 main E. Coast line. The town is 

 surrounded by a forest preserve 

 called the Town Belt. The most 

 important manufacturing centre 

 of the Dominion, its chief industries 

 are woollen manufactures (Mos- 

 giel and Roslyn), refrigerating 

 works, bootmaking, foundries, and 

 rolling mills. A great educational 

 centre, most of the churches have 

 their residential colleges at its uni- 

 versity (opened 1871), which pos- 

 sesses medical and dental schools 

 and a school of mines. It is the 

 seat of 'Anglican and Roman 

 Catholic bishops. Its museum, 

 containing remains of the moa and 

 other rare N.Z. birds, and art 

 gallery are important buildings. 

 Pop. 55.256: with suburbs, 68.716. 



Dunedin. Flan of the city and docks of the principal 

 port of South Island, New Zealand 



Fouuded in 1848 by members of the 

 Free Church of Scotland, its com- 

 mercial prosperity dates from the 

 discovery of gold in Otago in 1861. 

 Dunedin, ANDREW GRAHAM 

 MURRAY, IST BARON (b. 1849). 

 British lawyer and politician. 

 Born Nov. 21, 1849, he was the 

 only son of T. G. Murray of 

 Stenton, Perthshire, crown-agent 

 for Scotland. Educated at Harrow 

 and Trinity College, Cambridge, 

 he became an advocate in 1874 

 and a Q.C. in 1891. In the same 

 year chosen M.P. for Buteshire, 

 he entered the Unionist ministry 

 as solicitor-general for Scotland. 

 In 1895 he was again appointed to 

 that position, and in 1896 was 

 promoted to be lord advocate. 

 From 1903-5 he was secretary for 

 Scotland and a cabinet minister. 



Dunedin, New Zealand. General view from Roslyn, with Boys 1 High School 



in foreground. Inset: The Octagon, showing town hall and memorial to the 



Rev. Thomas Burns 



In 1905 Murray 

 left Parliament to 

 become president 

 of the court of 

 "Cession, and was 

 'made a peer as 

 Baron Dunedin. 

 In 1913 he was 

 appointed a lord 

 of appeal. 

 Dunes, BATTLE 



OF THE. Fought 



on the d u n es 

 outside Dunkirk 

 between the 

 French and the 

 Spaniards, both 

 supported by 

 English contin- 

 gents, June 4, 

 1658. To relieve 

 Dunkirk, then 

 besieged by the 

 French, the Span- 

 iards sent an army 

 under Don John 

 of Austria, one of its leaders being 

 the great Conde. With it were 

 five English, Scottish, and Irish 

 regiments under James, duke of 

 York. To aid France Cromwell had 

 sent six regiments of his Ironsides. 



The French were arranged in 

 the conventional order of battle, 

 cavalry on the wings and infantry 

 in the centre, the English being on 

 the left centre. The Spaniards had 

 a line of infantry in front with the 

 horsemen in column behind. On 

 their left was the canal to Bruges, 

 and the French stood with their 

 backs to Dunkirk. The battle 

 began with the advance of the 

 English foot against the Spaniards' 

 strongest position, a sand hill held 

 by veterans. In spite of heavy 

 losses they reached the hill and 

 drove back the Spaniards. A few 

 of the royalist English horsemen 

 tried to save the day, but supports 

 arrived for the Ironsides, and soon 

 this wing of the Spanish army was 

 completely broken. On the other 

 wing, the Spaniards and their allies 

 offered a poor resistance. The 

 victory led to the fall of Dunkirk. 

 Dunfermline. Royal and muni- 

 cipal burgh of Fifeshire, Scotland. 

 It stands on the Firth of Forth, 

 17 m. N.W. of 

 Edinburgh, and 

 is on the N.B.R. 

 Since 1911 the 

 burgh has been 

 extended to 

 include the new 

 naval base at 



Dunfermline arms Ro ?y th - ** W * S 

 a favourite resi- 

 dence of the Scottish Icings, and 

 the Benedictine abbey, founded 

 by Malcolm Canmore in 1072, was 

 their burial place from the llth to 

 the 14th century. The abbey was 



