DROUYN DE LHUYS 



2693 



DROYSEN 



Dtouyn de Lhuys, 

 French statesman 



or drought. Low pressure cyclones 

 generally mean rain, but the high 

 pressure of anti-cyclones usually 

 gives dry weather, so that pro- 

 longed periods of anti-cyclonic 

 weather cause drought. See Cli- 

 mate ; Flood ; Weather. 



Drouyn de Lhuys, EDOUARD 

 (1305-81). French .statesman. 

 Born in Paris, Nov. 19, 1805, he 

 entered the 

 diplomatic ser- 

 vice and was 

 employed i n 

 the embassies 

 at Madrid and 

 The Hague. In 

 1840 he be- 

 came chief of 

 the commer- 

 c i a 1 depart- 

 ment in the 

 ministry of 

 foreign affairs, but, going into 

 opposition, he lost his place. By 

 Louis Napoleon he was appointed 

 minister of foreign affairs in 1848, 

 and from 1849-51 he was ambassa- 

 dor in London, returning to Paris 

 in 1851 to be foreign minister. He 

 resigned office in 1855, but held the 

 portfolio again from 1863-66. On 

 the downfall of Napoleon III in 

 1871 he took refuge in Jersey. He 

 died in Paris, March 1, 1881. 



Drover. Variant form of driver, 

 restricted to drivers of sheep or 

 cattle. Before the invention of 

 railways a large class of men en- 

 gaged in this occupation, making 

 long journeys on foot with the 

 cattle in their charge. See Cattle. 

 Drowning. Death from as- 

 phyxia owing to submersion of the 

 mouth and nostrils beneath water 

 or other fluid. Sometimes, how- 

 ever, shock or syncope, caused by 

 the sudden immersion hi cold 

 water and the state of terror expe- 

 rienced by the individual, com- 

 bines with asphyxia in causing 

 death. The number and causes 

 of death from drowning in Eng- 

 land and Wales in 1918 are shown 

 as follows : 



POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES. The 

 face is usually ashy pale, but in 

 some cases is slightly livid, with 

 rosy patches about the cheeks. A 

 characteristic sign is the presence 

 of fine froth, sometimes tinged with 

 blood, about the mouth and nos- 

 trils. Rigor mortis comes on early. 

 The condition known as cadaveric 

 spasm, a form of rigidity occurring 

 at the moment of death, is some- 

 times observed, and articles grasped 



during the death - struggle, such 

 as reeds or plants, may be found 

 firmly clenched in the hands. This 

 is a valuable indication in distin- 

 guishing cases of drowning from 

 cases in which the body was thrown 

 into water after death.' Internally 

 the air-passages are found to con- 

 tain a clear or blood-stained froth, 

 and perhaps mud or portions of 

 water-plants. The lungs are volu- 

 minous and distended, and when 

 cut into exude a frothy, blood- 

 ' stained fluid. Minute haemorr- 

 hages may be observed beneath the 

 pleura, and the right side of the 

 heart may be engorged with venous 

 blood, the left being comparatively 

 empty. The presence of water in 

 the stomach, particularly if it con- 

 tains pond- weed, etc., is virtually 

 a conclusive sign of death from 

 drowning, since experiments have 

 shown that water very rarely 

 enters the stomach of a body im- 

 mersed after death. 



DIRECTIONS FOR RESCUERS. Great 

 care and presence of mind are re- 

 quired when endeavouring to rescue 

 a person who cannot swim, since 

 the rescuer may be clutched and 

 his movements impeded, while he 

 runs the risk of being drowned 

 himself. When the drowning person 

 is struggling, the rescuer should 

 leave him for a few seconds until 

 he becomes quiet ; then seize him 

 by the hair, turn him on his back, 

 and swim on the back towards the 

 shore, or support him face up- 

 wards in this way until a boat 

 arrives. Should the rescuer be 

 clutched the best plan is for him 

 to take a full breath and allow him- 

 self to be drawn under, when the 

 drowning person will almost always 

 release his grip. If he does not 

 let go, the rescuer must try to 

 break away by forcing his knees 

 against the chest of the drowning 

 person. 



TREATMENT AFTERRESCUE. When 

 a person is recovered from water 

 hi an apparently lifeless condition, 

 artificial respiration should be re- 

 sorted to as soon as the sufferer 

 is in the boat or has been brought 

 to the shore. The most con- 

 venient method of performing arti- 

 ficial respiration is that recom- 

 mended by Schafer (see Figs. 3, 4, 

 p. 656). The finger is introduced 

 into the mouth in order to clear 

 out any mud or froth, and the 

 patient is then placed face down- 

 wards, the head being turned to- 

 ward the side. The attendant 

 kneels either by the side of or 

 astride the patient, and, spreading 

 his hands over the lower part of the 

 back and sides of the chest, gradu- 

 ally throws his weight forward so 

 as to exert a firm, steady pressure 

 upon the thorax. He then swings 



backwards, so as to relax the pres- 

 sure and allow the lungs to expand. 

 This backward and forward move- 

 ment should take about five 

 seconds, and should be repeated 

 at the rate of about twelve times 

 a minute. 



While artificial respiration is 

 being performed further restora- 

 tive measures should be applied. 

 The wet clothing should be drawn 

 off, the body wiped dry and 

 covered with hot blankets, and hot 

 bottles may be placed to the feet, 

 care being taken that these are not 

 so hot as to burn the skin. Fric- 

 tion of the limbs from below up- 

 wards is useful. Ammonia may be 

 cautiously held to the nostrils, and 

 a hypodermic injection of strych- 

 nine may be given. When breath- 

 ing is established a hot bath is 

 a useful means of restoring the 

 bodily heat. See First Aid; con- 

 sult also Forensic Medicine and 

 Toxicology, J. D. Mann, 5th ed. 

 revised, 1914. w. A. Brend, M.D. 



Droylsden. Urb. dist. and 

 small town of Lancashire, Eng- 

 land. It stands on the Rochdale 

 Canal, 5 m. E. of Manchester by 

 the L. & N.W.R. There are cotton 

 and print factories, and dye and 

 chemical works. Pop. 13,259. 



Droysen , JOHANN GTJSTA v ( 1 808- 

 84). German historian. Born at 

 Treptow, Pomerania, July 6, 1808, 

 ^^^^^^^^^^^_ and educated 

 I at Stettin and ! 

 I Berlin, from ! 

 i 1840-51 Droy- I 

 I sen was pro- 

 fessor of his- 

 tory at Kiel, 



from 1851 ~ 59 



at Jena, and 

 from 1859-84 

 J. G. Droysen, at Berlin. 

 German historian Droysen ' s r6h 



as an historian was to glorify Prussia 

 and her rulers, which he did espe- 

 cially in his monumental History of 

 Prussian Policy, 14 vols., 1855-86. 

 The central idea of this work is that 

 Germany's destiny was to place 

 herself under the rule of the Hohen- 

 zollerns. It takes the story down | 

 to 1756, and bears marks of in- | 

 finite labour. 



Droysen wrote, as an historian, 

 in favour of Prussia's claim to the 

 duchies of Slesvig and Holstein, 

 and as a politician he took part in 

 the Frankfort parliament of 1848. 

 He wrote in early life a valuable 

 History of Alexander the Great, 

 1833: a History of Hellenism 

 1836-43 ; and a life of the Prus- 

 sian soldier Yorck von Wartenburg, 

 1851-52. He died in Berlin, June 

 19, 1884. His son Gustav was the 

 editor of the well-known Historical 

 Atlas, 1885, and wrote several his- 

 torical works. 



