DURHAM 



Durham. Map of the coal-mining county of north-eastern England, notable 

 also for its shipbuilding, ironworks, and manufacturing industries 



nearly 38,000,000 tons. The Wear, 

 Tyne, and Tees, all navigable in 

 part, are the chief rivers, and in 

 their vicinity and the valley dis- 

 tricts the soil is arable and well 

 cultivated. In addition to coal, 

 large quantities of lead, iron, lime- 

 stone, millstone, granite, salt, etc., 

 are obtained. 



Durham is noted for horses and 

 shorthorn cattle, and sheep -rearing 

 is carried on. Its manufactures 

 are important, and shipbuilding, 

 sail-making, and the production 

 of chemicals, glass, woollens and 

 earthenware are leading branches ; 

 there are also numerous blast fur- 

 naces, iron works, and machine 

 shops. The N.E. is the only rly. 

 serving the county. 



Durham is the county town, and 

 besides the large shipping ports of 

 Sunder land, 



mouth Richard de Bury, author 

 of Philobiblon, and bishop of Dur- 

 ham, died at Auckland and was 

 buried in Durham Cathedral. At 

 Stanhope, in Weardale, Joseph 

 Butler, its rector, wrote The Ana- 

 logy of Religion. Joseph Ritson, 

 the antiquarian writer, was born 

 at Stockton, and P:iizabeth Barrett 

 Browning at Coxhoe Hall, near 

 Durham. Scott's Rokeby has much 

 about Barnard Castle and the 

 upper Tees valley. 



Bibliography. The County Pala- 

 tine of Durham : a Study in Con- 

 stitutional History, G. T. Lapsley, 

 1900 ; Victoria Hist, of the County 

 of Durham, ed. W. Page, 1905-7 ; 

 Hist, and Antiquities of the County 

 Palatine of Durham, R. Surtees 

 (1816-40), repr. 1908, etc. ; Me- 

 morials of Old Durham, ed. H. R. 

 Leighton, 1910 ; Durham, J. E. 

 Hodgkin, 1913. 



Durham. City, mun. borough, 

 and county town of Durham, 

 England. It stands on the Wear, 

 287 m. from London, and has a 



S t o c k t o n-o n- 

 Tees, Jarrow, the 

 Hartlepools, and 

 South Shields, 

 the largest towns 

 are Gateshead 

 and Darlington. 

 Ten members are 

 returned to Par- 

 liament. Pop. 

 1,478,506. Dur- 

 ham formed part 

 of the kingdom 

 of Noi thumbria. 

 The regal au- 

 thority of the 

 Durham was finally 



Durham. Sanc- 

 tuary knocker at 

 the cathedral 



bishops of 

 withdrawn in 1836. 



LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS. These 

 start with the Benedictine monas- 

 tery at Jarrow, founded by Bene- 

 dict Biscop, but its greatest name 

 is that of the Venerable Bede 

 (q.v.), who was born near Wear- 



Durham. The cathedral, seen from across the River Wear. The lancet and 



perpendicular work of the two western towers, and that of the central tower, 



is imposed upon the original Norman architecture, among the finest of its 



period in England 



Photochrom 



