DURHAM 



2736 



DURHAM 



station on the N.E. Ely. The 

 older part of the city is on and 

 about a hill round which the 

 river bends; the newer parts are 

 on the other side of this. 



The glory of Durham is the cathe- 

 dral, and near it, on the river penin- 

 sula, is the castle. The present 

 cathedral, which replaced an older 

 one, was begun in the 1 1th century, 

 and much of it is Norman; this 

 includes the nave and the restored 

 chapter house. The Galilee chapel 

 (q.v. ) is a notable feature, as are the 

 central tower and the chapel of the 

 nine altars. There are a valuable 

 library and some 

 relics of S. Cuth- 

 bert. The cloisters 

 and other parts 

 of the monastic 

 buildings still 

 exist. The first 

 castle was built 

 by William the 

 Conqueror, but 

 little of this re- 

 mains. Much of the present build- 

 ing, which is the headquarters of 

 the university, is old, and some 

 portions are highly interesting. 



Other objects of interest in the 

 city are some of the churches and 

 the bridges across the Wear, espe- 

 cially Framwellgate, of the 14th 

 century. El vet Bridge, leading to 

 the suburb of Elvet, is also old, and 

 on it are still a few houses. The 

 churches include S. Margaret's, S. 

 Oswald's, S. Mary le Bow, S. Mary 

 the Less, and S. Giles. The town 

 hall dates from the 16th century. 

 The grammar school is an old 

 foundation ; its present house dates 

 from 1844. At Ushaw is the Roman 

 Catholic college of S. Cuthbert. 



The city lives largely on the busi- 

 ness brought by the presence of a 

 cathedral, a university, and the 

 county headquarters. It has some 

 other industries, including the 

 manufacture of iron, and there are 

 many coal mines in the neighbour- 

 hood. It has been a chartered 

 town since 1179, and is governed 

 by a mayor and corporation. It 

 was represented in Parliament 

 by two members from 1673 to 

 1885. The number was reduced 

 to one in 1885, and in 1918 the 

 representation was merged in that 

 of the county. 



The city owes its origin to the 

 monks of Lindisfarne, who, looking * 

 for a place of safety, considered 

 this to be such, and settled here in 

 995 with the bones of S. Cuthbert, 

 A church was built which became 

 a cathedral, the bishopric being 

 removed hither from Lindisfarne. 

 Market day, Sat. Pop. 17,329. 



Durham, UNIVERSITY OF. 

 Founded in 1832, its constitution 

 was modified in 1908, when it was 



Durham 

 University arms 



divided into two 

 parts, one at 

 Durham and the 

 other at New- 

 castle. Origin- 

 ally it was a 

 Church of Eng- 

 land society, and 

 the Durham 

 division still re- 

 mains so, its col- 



leges being mainly occupied with 

 preparing candidates for the Angli- 

 can ministry. These are University 

 College, and three halls Bishop 

 Hatfield's, S. John's, and S. Chad's 

 and the dean and chapter of Dur- 

 ham are the governors. There is 

 also a hostel for women students, 

 and women are admitted to all the 

 courses and degrees except the 

 theological. The Newcastle divi- 

 sion consists of Armstrong College 

 and the College of Medicine. The 

 former, until 1904 called Durham 

 University College, was founded in 

 1874 ; the latter dates from 1832, 

 and was united with the university 

 in 1852. 



The university has seven facul- 

 ties arts, letters, theology, law, 

 medicine, science, and commerce. 

 Science and commerce are taught 

 exclusively at Armstrong College, 

 which also grants diplomas in en- 

 gineering, naval architecture, agri- 

 culture, and mining. It has land at 

 Chop well for instruction in forestry, 

 and two stations, Code Park and 

 Offerton Hall, for agricultural re- 

 search, as well as a marine bio- 

 logical station at Cullercoats. At 

 Durham residence is necessary in 

 order to qualify for a degree, but 

 not at Newcastle. Before the Great 

 War the university had about 200 

 students at Durham and about 

 1,700, day and evening, at New- 

 castle. Codrington College, Bar- 

 bados, is affiliated with Durham. 



Durham. City of North Caro- 

 lina, U.S.A., the co. seat of Dur- 

 ham co. It is 26 m. N.W. of Ra- 

 leigh on the Southern and other 

 rlys. The seat of Trinity College, 

 founded 1851, it has schools of art 

 and music, a public library, and 

 hospitals. A busy centre of the 

 tobacco industry, it contains also 

 foundries, cotton mills, and a fer- 

 tiliser factory. Incorporated in 

 1869, it became a city 30 years 

 later. Pop. 26,160. 



Durham, EARL OF. British title 

 borne since 1833 by the family of 

 Lambton. The Lambtons had 

 lands in Durham as early as the 

 12th century, but they remained 

 commoners until the time of John 

 George Lambton, who, having 

 made a reputation as a statesman 

 and administrator, was made 

 Baron Durham in 1828, and Vis- 

 count Lambton and earl of Dur- 



After Lawrence 



ham in 1833. His grandson, John 

 George (b. 1855), who became the 

 3rd earl in 1879, is a K.G. and a 

 patron of the turf. His twin 

 brother, F. W. Lambton, was a 

 Liberal M.P. from 1880-85, and a 

 Unionist M.P. from 1900 to 1910 ; 

 another brother, Hedworth, who 

 distinguished himself at the siege 

 of Ladysmith, took under a will 

 the name of Meux (q.v. ). The earl's 

 seat is Lambton Castle, Durham. 

 Durham, JOHN GEORGE LAMB- 

 TON, IST EARL OF (1792-1840). 

 British statesman. Born April 12, 

 ______ _ ....... _.,. 1792, he was 



'_^M^ 1 the son of 

 William H. 

 Lambton of 

 Lambton 

 Castle, Dur- 

 h a m, to 

 whose estate 

 he succeeded 

 when only a 

 child. From 

 Eton he en- 

 tered the 

 army, but for- 



till 



sook that ser- 

 vice for politics, becoming an M.P. 

 for the county of Durham in 1813. 

 Prominent among the Whigs, to 

 which party his family had been 

 long attached, he advocated parlia- 

 mentary reform and other changes. 

 His enthusiasm as a reformer earned 

 for him the name of Radical Jack. 



In 1828 Lambton was made a 

 peer, and in 1830 he entered Grey's 

 Cabinet as lord privy seal. He had 

 a large share in drafting the Reform 

 Bill of 1832 and in the negotiations 

 that preceded its passage into law. 

 In 1833, differing from several of 

 his colleagues, especially Brougham, 

 he left office, but still held a 

 very strong position in the country. 

 For two years he was ambassador 

 at St. Petersburg (1835-37), and 

 then went as governor-general to 

 Canada, after the rebellion of 1837. 

 It is with his work there that his 

 name is chiefly associated. He 

 was armed with unusual powers, 

 which he exercised freely, but the 

 result was hardly satisfactory. 

 Brougham attacked him for send- 

 ing eight rebels to Bermuda, and 

 Parliament decided that the step 

 was illegal. Unsupported by the 

 cabinet, Durham had no course but 

 to resign. He defended himself in 

 a public proclamation, and re- 

 turned to England. 



Durham then prepared his 

 famous Report on the Affairs of 

 British North America (1839), de- 

 scribed as " one of the greatest state 

 papers in the English language," 

 and certainly one of the most in- 

 fluential. Therein he advised the 

 union of the two Canadas, re- 

 sponsible government, the building 



