DWARKA 



2745 



DWYKA SERIES 



The most satisfactory theory of 

 pygmy origins regards these peo- 

 ples as representing the early di- 

 vergence from the main human 

 stock of a tropical hunting type 

 which has conserved its physical 

 characters and primitive culture in 

 racial isolation. This explains the 

 absence of dwarf races from tropi- 

 cal America as well as from cold 

 latitudes. The arctic Eskimo, the 

 E. Siberians, and the European 

 Lapps, together with the austral 

 Yahgans of Tierra del Fuego, the 

 Cape Bushmen, and the Ceylon 

 Veddas, are short rather than 

 dwarfish, being well above the pyg- 

 my stature, and alien to the pygmy 

 culture. See Giant ; Man ; Negrito ; 

 Pygmy. 



Dwarka. Municipality of India. 

 It stands on the N.W. promontory 

 of Kathiawar peninsula, belonging 

 to Baroda state. It contains the 

 temple of Dwarkanath (Krishna), 

 and is one of the holy places of 

 India, the resort of Hindu pilgrims. 

 Pop. 6,548, nearly all Hindus. 



Dwelling. Habitation of man- 

 kind for repose, shelter, and do- 

 mestic life Dwallings may be 

 natural or artificial, temporary or 

 habitual, portable or fixed. That 

 primeval man dwelt in tropical 

 forest trees is a conjecture sup- 

 ported by anthropoid usage. Ar- 

 boreal structures still characterise 

 some primitive peoples, as among 

 the Khas, Mois, and in the Solo- 

 mon islands. When he migrated to 

 the limestone lands of temperate 

 Eurasia palaeolithic man utilised 

 the rock-shelter and the cave- 

 dwelling. This type of habitation 

 also survives. 



The rudest effort of art upon the 

 ground level is the wind-screen, 

 sometimes primarily to protect the 

 fire. Hence emerged the hut, 

 formed by binding the tips of sap- 

 lings, and often skin -covered in 

 cold weather. Devised in the 

 palaeolithic age, it still exists in 

 primitive forms among the African 

 pygmies, Bhils, Botocudos, Fue- 

 gians, and Veddas. The natural 

 hollow, and its simulation by an 

 artificial pit, gave rise to the bee- 

 hive roof and the lean-to or pent- 

 roof, resting on the ground. Their 

 conical or gabled surfaces were 

 covered with thatch, turf, earth, 

 or skins ; rudimentary forms are 

 still known Ainu, Chukchis, and 

 the Eskimo snow-house (igloo). 



Thus arose the two simplest of 

 structural types, the round and the 

 oblong. " The former prevailed in 

 neolithic and early-metallic Europe. 

 The Swiss lake-dwellers plastered 

 their timbered huts with clay ; this 

 wattle-and-daub construction 

 sometimes as a secondary deriva- 

 tive from the plain thatch still 



endures. The dome-shaped or coni- 

 cal hut, developed in local forms in 

 aboriginal America, prevails over 

 wide regions in negro Africa. It 

 may have a bamboo palisade, a 

 loose-stone wall, or a defensive 

 stockade. When used by nomad 

 peoples it became the round Kirghiz 

 yurt or the American tipi. 



The introduction of metal tools 

 and carpentry replaced pit-digging 

 by the erection of posts, walled 

 with unhewn or hewn timber, mat- 

 ting, stone, or clay. Sun-dried 

 bricks, developed early along the 

 Nile and the Euphrates, still sur- 

 vive in Mexico and the Sudan. The 

 pent became the elevated roof, 

 whose construction displays much 

 diverse ingenuity, from the Bantu 

 thatch, which may be double, as in 

 Uganda, to the interlaced palm- 

 leaves of Polynesia and the elegant 

 timber carving of Japan. The neo- 

 lithic lake-dwellers introduced pile- 

 foundations in shallow waters, a 

 practice still extant in Borneo and 

 New Guinea. This cultural ad- 

 vance found its full development 

 in the hewn masonry of Egypt, 

 whose influence, passing into the 

 Aegean, affected the architectural 

 achievements of the Graeco-Roman 

 and the Indo-Aryan world, spread- 

 ing thence across the Pacific to the 

 ancient American civilizations. 



The early-Aryan rectangular 

 house led to the formation of 

 streets, and in the eastern branch 

 to the quadrangular enclosure, at 

 first a cattle-pen, afterwards the 

 courtyard characteristic of the 

 civilized Orient. The roof -angle is 

 determined by the problem of rain 

 and snow, as in the steep Scandina- 

 vian gable. The flat roof character- 

 ises Semitic life in sunny lands. 

 Many-storeyed dwellings are de- 

 veloped in every continent. House- 

 partition for sex-segregation is 

 traceable to a remote antiquity. 

 With many primitive peoples the 

 social organization involves separ- 

 ate dwellings for unmarried girls 

 and unmarried men. Communal 

 houses for family or tribal groups 

 are exemplified by the long-houses 

 of the Iroquois and the Melanesian 

 peoples. See Bee Hive Structure ; 

 Cave, Cliff, and Lake Dwellings ; 

 Igloo ; Kraal ; Wigwam. 



Bibliography. History of Man- 

 kind, F. Ratzel, Eng. trans. A. J. 

 Butler, 1896-8 ; The Races of Man, 

 J. Deniker, 1900 ; Handbook to the 

 Ethnographical Collections in the 

 British Museum, T. A. Joyce and 

 O. M. Dalton, 1910. 



Dwight, JOHN (fl. 1671-98). 

 English potter. He is believed to 

 have been born in Oxfordshire, and 

 to have been a member of Christ 

 Church, Oxford. In 1671 and 1684 

 patents were granted him by 



Charles II for the manufacture of 

 porcelain, the secret of which he 

 claimed to have re-discovered; but 

 he can only be credited with the in- 

 vention of an improved process of 

 stoneware. He employed Italian 

 workmen at the Fulham pottery 

 works which he founded; and, in 

 addition to utilitarian stoneware, he 

 produced many fine statuettes and 

 busts, including those of James II 

 and Prince Rupert. 



Dwight, TIMOIHY (1752-1817). 

 American Congregational ist and 

 poet. Born at Northampton, Mas- 

 s a e h u s e 1 1 P, 

 May 14, 1752, 

 and a grand- 

 son of Jona- 

 than Edwards, 

 he was edu- 

 cated at Yale 

 College. An 

 army chaplain 

 during th e 

 Civil War after 

 being a minis- 

 ter at Greenfield, Connecticut,! 782- 

 1795, he was president of Yale 

 from 1795 until his death at New 

 Haven, Jan. 1 1, 1817. His Theology 

 Explained and Defended, 1818, a 

 course of 173 sermons, has passed 

 through more than 100 editions. 

 He wrote the patriotic song, 

 Columbia, and an epic, The Con- 

 quest of Canaan, and was author 

 of an Essay on Light, 



First of the great American col- 

 lege presidents, the number of 

 students at Yale almost trebling 

 during his presidency, Timothy 

 Dwight was an advocate of co-edu- 

 cation and of the higher education 

 of women. (See Three Men of Letters, 

 M.C. Tyler, 1895.) His grandson, 

 Timothy (1828-1916), was professor 

 of New Testament Greek and Exege- 

 sis, Yale divinity school, 1858-86; 

 president of Yale, which during his 

 term of office assumed the status 

 of a university, 1886-99; and a 

 member of the American com- 

 mittee for the revision of the Eng- 

 lish Bible, 1872-85. He con- 

 tributed to the New Englander a 

 series of articles on The True Ideal 

 of an American Unhersity, 1870- 

 71 : and was the author of Memories 

 of Yale Life and Men, 1903. 



Dwyka Series. Shales and con- 

 glomerates beneath the Ecca for- 

 mation in the S. African Karroo 

 system. They extend for 800 m. 

 from the Transvaal through the 

 Orange Free State prov. and Natal 

 into the Cape prov., with a maxi- 

 mum thickness of 2,300 ft. The 

 lower Dwyka shales, of Permo-car- 

 boniferous date, were overlaid by 

 deposits in and around the vast 

 Karroo lake, into which icebergs 

 broken from the faces of glaciers 



